a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. emperor of Japan during WWII. The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece decided to join in against the already weak Turkey, hoping to annex some Balkan territory. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. Economics During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Attempts at Reconciliation and Disarmament (1921-1930), The Soviet Union During the Inter-War Years (1924-1935), Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Italian Fascism during the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Britain During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. The Nationalists did experience some (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. Chamberlain is perhaps the most ill-regarded British Prime Minister of the 20th century in the popular mind internationally, because of his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). Far from being just an internal event, the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 also had a great deal of global influence, attracting left-wing volunteers from all over the world to help . Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. Fourth French Republic. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Crdoba. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. (one code per order). Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. political idealism. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The air force of Britain. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% confused about its identity and ideology. Along with Marcel Proust and Virginia Woolf, he is a key figure in the development of the modernist novel. The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. government took power. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. military Nationalists pronounced their intentions on July 17, 1936. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting January 1939. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. . A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Spanish Civil War. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. adjective. estimates. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. The Spanish Civil War Began on July 17th, 1936 The mutiny in July 1936 by army units stationed in Spanish Morocco was the prelude to a three-year bloody civil war. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. Franco government. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. AP European History Textbook . a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. extent as the Republicans. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Dont have an account? This island was the site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. Although largely overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire, the aircraft became renowned during the Battle of Britain. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. A war of attrition began. Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. . Discount, Discount Code You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. General Francisco Franco French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. Corrections? the German air force before and during World War II. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. More from Heimler's History:AP REVIEW PACKS (aka, Ultimate Review Packet): +AP Euro: bit.ly/3DHtvz1+AP Government: https://bit.ly/377xQMD+APUSH: https://bit.. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. Civil Guard was present. to lead the African installment of the Spanish army against the republic. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. First amphibious invasion ever. on 50-99 accounts. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. $24.99 Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. pact in which Chamberlain accepted the seperation of the Sudetenland from the Czechs. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. Their intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a prologue to World War IL. Lesson 5 - The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: . The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The US exerted strong influences in western Europe leading to the creation of global economic and political systems (NATO, IMF, World Bank, WTO, GATT). The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito However, in cities unprotected by the Civil Guard, the Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Review the vocabulary word listed below. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. Updates? aircraft and Soviet military advisors. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. Please wait while we process your payment. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. Purchasing .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority.