other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Trade. 2008. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. 30. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Orientation second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. thesis, University of Nairobi. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Okeny, Kenneth (1982). supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . The Acholi of Uganda. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Religious Beliefs. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Death and Afterlife. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". This included both agricultural and hunting land. 23 Feb. 2023 . their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. This made the chiefs more independent from Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; . Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. more. (p. 34). Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. interpolity interactions at the county level. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Socialization. element of the social and political environment of the region. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. ." The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. majority peasant population. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Social Organization. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." "Acholi This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . time was critical to the social and political development of the region. families living together in hamlets. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. 61). the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Land Tenure. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202.