This means many adult patients can look to have braces anywhere from 18 months to about three years. Bone Jt Open. 2 0 obj S9TT" r+C2Ah?K}TJ-: SKtP2C=tVG1a&/S@y*i'd')wH>-'>)FPjN( "Im(Ak6`Ja"6du;v[`usZB>qVmt9o{.CK} pLzM\=TbTWC9 nD8XK? When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. hb```a``c`f`p JFIF C /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] For any questions or concerns about your medical condition and/or deterioration of your state of health, always consult your doctor or your dentist. 0 u,mA_=o("d>c08[,i,#%j 2,}(^~Af6GxZym]{! v;yUBY\ ZV>!>(&D)zb%q.h.)X \-.R8db#Pcc &yh[]{w(wXf5w*|lML%'ZGM.E9CWF$}~R;o 8@rv\H,O-~>{*=Y;#VBf Z&S,6*qU%vc.hUh/G.ZJO)QX ]A3(QO?%7 q'RmY2+"ChFe'K\GCW9PigEe :%=IZ Sometimes they happen after higher energy injuries like a motor vehicle accident. The process requires more appointments because this dental treatment is harder to adjust than the alternative options. This happens about 15 percent of the time. During this time, you will need to perform exercises to regain range of motion, strength, and return to normal activities. By consulting this site, you agree to always ask your dentist for advice before putting into practice any information contained on this site. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. And it is not a glamorous one, what is liquid sarms. A fractured humerus is typically very painful and you may not be able to move your arm. The removable liners can be washed by hand using cool water and mild detergent. The brace helps to control the motion of your knee joint and limit the amount of range of motion around your knee. 7 common bite problems in children and adults. What affects the length of orthodontic treatment? Orthodontists and parents perception of finished occlusion and willingness to extend treatment time. Lindsey DH, et al. I cannot answer this accurately. A humerus fracture is a broken upper arm bone located between your shoulder and elbow. ?O.is}2d,;$5 V}bVkVYbpZbYUhyx,]V~odfELhlWFI!T1tE5'Q+Ilj5z2O|clQT,pE,E_'0[K* ;R(ARS Adl=ZCH^i:Ck'MHdNNioQk F,ZRZD{N+u;^}7B/{ Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. How long do you have to wear braces? Plus Size Supports for Obesity & Weight-Related Pain, Extra stockinettes sleeves for humeral bracing, Sarmiento Brace | Humeral Fracture Splint and Upper Arm Support for Broken Humerus with Sling, The proximal humerus fracture splint has a strap that wraps beneath the opposite arm, limiting the motion allowed at the shoulder, Brace de Sarmiento allows some movement, which helps one to make a full recovery, Deltoid cap extension of the broken shoulder brace prevents it from migrating, Cuff-style arm sling of this humeral Sarmiento brace offers additional support and immobilization. Figure 5: X-rays of a humerus fracture being treated in a Sarmiento brace. But aligners are generally more suited to correcting a mild overbite or minor spacing problems. Some require surgery - plating or having a rod placed. For those who are still unsure, talk with your dentist at your next appointment. Once you leave the hospital, please call the surgeon's office during office hours at 410-581-2850. Depending on the patient, this option is available for both adults and children. Keep the brace away from excessive heat to prevent damage to the plastic. government site. When re-applying the brace following skin checks, ensure that the brace fits neatly on to your shoulder and the longer side runs down the outside of your arm. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Sarmiento A, Zagorski JB, Zych GA, Latta LL, Capps CA. There are times when your orthopaedic surgeon may choose to perform surgery on your humerus shaft fracture. 0 u @Q,/94+ELXhpDX^@,!|F But those wearing clear aligners had less severe alignment issues than those wearing metal braces. The treatment is done with a cast. At the time of brace removal, 98 percent of the patients had limitation of shoulder motion of 25 degrees or less. There is also a strap around your shoulder that wraps beneath your opposite arm, securing your shoulder against your body and holding the bicep brace in place. This brace is typically worn full time for at least 6 weeks and possibly up to 12 weeks. 65 0 obj <>stream Try to avoid drinking sugary or carbonated beverages. If you do not agree with these conditions and our. The best way to know how long your braces treatment will take is to talk with your orthodontist. . Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. For the patient, the orthopedic surgeon may switch from a splint (cast) to an adjustable brace at around 1-3 weeks after the injury. If you have severe alignment issues, it will take more time. You should seek treatment for these issues to avoid cavities, gum disease, and enamel erosion. To be eligible for discounts, please enable JavaScript for your browser. ltoW@BuHRnY9@$\-qy|Az.zUxV]\o@0Z]YAuCi!k ; QR2}zimll\h`D4T{zTVuPpOO}5MrEp00mnk MhMr&z0f /2 M3 @//&?jHM0@,>&K_mN9u But you should report severe pain, especially if it persists for hours or days after tightening. Major reasons for failed conservative management were an incorrect indication, a significant axial deformity, or a hyperextended position of the fracture fragments. This optional portion of the broken humerus brace can be added or removed. Shop the Sarmiento Brace - https://www.braceability.com/products/sarmiento-brace A Sarmiento brace is used to stabilize a fracture in your upper arm while leaving your elbow free, allowing motion in your forearm and hand. From spacers to bands, brackets, and wires, we explain the process and what to, Braces work by exerting pressure on your jawline to change the way your smile appears. Your orthopaedic surgeon will switch you from your splint to an adjustable brace (called a Sarmiento brace) at around 1-3 weeks after your injury. The shoulder brace can be worn on your right or left arm. A Sarmiento humeral fracture brace applies circumferential compression needed to control and stabilize the humeral segments of the upper arm. brace for support above and below the fracture site. Next, pull the strap through the plastic loop on the back section, holding the back and front sections together snuggly. For humeral condyle fracture care, check out our selection of elbow braces. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Treatment with prefabricated braces. Nonoperative therapy usually includes the placement of fracture bracing, a cast, and/or sling that will be followed by a cylindrical brace (Sarmiento brace) ten days to four weeks later. Talk with your orthodontist about treatment expectations, and make sure you follow their advice to avoid prolonging the amount of time you need to wear braces. This can be particularly problematic when it comes to removable aligners. R+N We avoid using tertiary references. There are three types of humerus fracture injuries based on the location. Some of these additional orthodontic tools are: You cant shorten the time you wear braces by making your own treatment decisions for these tools. The .gov means its official. PWr"%]Nw\zY 4tv]nu}g:e|"MSK;)a P5*=k/~:ufzNd s8\Kn8Mg D Z He founded Orthopaedic Specialists of North Carolina in 2001 and practices at Franklin Regional Medical Center and Duke Raleigh Hospital. The doctor will tell you how long to wear the cast or splint and will remove it at the right time. Rinse your teeth with water or a specialty rinse to remove food debris. Maybe from lack of use not sure but I don't remember that being the case when I took . Some clamshell braces extend to the upper thigh to provide more support to your lower spine. Suitable for men, women, and even some older kids. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Sometimes the radial nerveone of the main nerves in the armcan be injured when you break this bone. Ke Y, et al. Extra stockinettes sleeves for humeral bracing are available for purchase. This is because of the anesthesia used during the, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. C But you may need them for a shorter or longer amount of time depending on your circumstances. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. Cheap Veneers for Teeth: Where to Get Them and What They Cost, Best Dental Insurance that Covers Crowns with No Waiting Period, Dentist in Puerto Rico: Cost of Dental Implants and Where to go, Teeth Sensitive after Filling: How to Deal with Nerve and Tooth Pain. Partial Weight-Bearing in fracture brace. How long to wear sarmiento brace Toxicity studies of deer antler velvet powder in rats have been assessed. Consider taking an active role in your treatment plan to prevent a prolonged need for braces. A clamshell brace prevents you from bending forward or backward. Only practice the advice given or validated by your dentist. Week 0-2 (to start immediately after initiation of Sarmiento bracing) No lifting > weight of coffee cup Sarmiento fracture brace at all times Upright posture at all times Transition from sling to cuff & collar to allow gravity to align the arm. A 2 g/kg body weight dose demonstrated no mortality or adverse events on a short-term (14 days) basis. Buy BraceAbility Sarmiento Brace - Humeral Shaft Fracture Splint Cast for Broken Upper Arm, Shoulder, Bicep and Humerus Bone with Stockinette, Sling and Cuff Support (XL) . . The treatment is done with a cast. At the Department of Orthopaedics of the Kantonsspital Fribourg, 67 humeral shaft fractures were treated by Sarmiento bracing in a 15-year period. endstream endobj startxref For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Data Trace specializes in Legal and Medical Publishing, Risk Management Programs, Continuing Education and Association Management. :} The splint is intended for the treatment of mid-humerus fractures (diaphyseal) or for deep bruises to your humerus bone. All content on this website is provided as information only and does not in any way replace medical advice. KN\+RszUOb8i(^{ G/EFI5qDj@ }! Its cylinder-shape provides a stabilizing force equal in all directions (circumferential compression), which limits motion at the fracture site so it can heal correctly.Music: https://www.bensound.com/ Recently operated 4 a humerus fracture & my arm was fractured in another 2 areas while inserting the rod. if the brace slides down, have someone assist you in adjusting the brace. For example, if your bone comes through the skin (open fracture), or if you have multiple other fractures or injuries. There are treatment options available for those who want to get their braces off quickly. Usually, the fracture is treated in a splint or sling . The humerus is the bone that connects to the shoulder (through part of the shoulder blade) at one Likely, but depends on the type of treatment provided to you, for the fracture and whether you have had any more injury to the arm or not. endstream endobj 51 0 obj <>stream Rosemont, IL 60018-4975, Phone: (847) 698-1631 The bone remodels overtime. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. ssuiI4h!T%gV|xv I have recommended this brace to others and will continue to do so. Some patients only need to wear braces for a few months. Each orthodontic case is different. Your orthodontist may be able to find a successful treatment that can be accomplished by a realistic timeline and that will address these kinds of concerns. It may take several weeks to months for your broken arm to fully heal. In our experience, active repositioning of humeral shaft fractures is not effective in avoiding a delay in fracture healing. How healed is my humerus fracture after 12 weeks? /StructParents 0 #xMM6wRrh?4gi5d8KinP7I Summary. BraceAbility Elbow Immobilizer Brace | Removable Long Arm Cast and Soft Forearm Orthosis Splint for Broken Supracondylar, Distal Humerus, Proximal Ulna Fracture or . If this nerve is injured, you may not be able to extend your wrist, fingers, or thumb, and may have a numb patch on the back of your hand. This will be achieved by adjusting your braces at the clinic every four to eight weeks, soyour teeth continue moving in the direction you want them to. ( ( ( ( ( (qHZq'. (2019). Tooth Sensitive to Air: How to Combat Winter Tooth Pain? 2010 Jul;41(7):e21-27. Injury. - after 3-5 weeks, switch to short leg cast or a cast brace; - there are some frx that are best left in above knee cast, such as frxs close to knee joint, and frx assoc w/ intact fibula; - always consider the risk of DVT (especially in obese patients); - DVT prophylaxis for frx trauma; - Wt Bearing: Plus, if you follow all of their directions, you can ensure it takes the minimum time necessary. nP(M`}AZN{X'nWw [X#&L3outV~[ ! The process uses low levels of radiation to capture images of the inside of your teeth and gums. 2022 Mar;3(3):236-244. doi: 10.1302/2633-1462.33.BJO-2021-0198.R1. Papasoulis E, Drosos GI, Ververidis AN, Verettas DA. For additional comfort and light support, this Sarmiento long humeral splint comes with two stockinette undersleeves. @tpf`pu lm>|l@p;L'R6-E <=-nNpI GslU2[9/f^6kKvYV!MVzQ8,mXVAC)*4e{ _Cc]^z4fnU;!Lo e0OekifL{pG,%P, ^3 qH:N;$$('v6OMtMEtyE7Cw\ '|.Wq;KY;$wC`%DZFMZmPOq}oO9ogv=qT_XB@pf{?^x?Q1 W$wBExg? 2007;41(1):15-20. Promoting the recovery of long-bone humerus fractures, the clamshell Sarmiento brace compresses your surrounding muscles and soft tissues. 2022 Jun;14(3):295-303. doi: 10.1177/17585732211033154. A clamshell brace can help ease pain, protect your . w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Three patients noted a slight limitation of active range of motion, but all 58 patients returned to full duty at their jobs. However, following all the advice of your dentist and orthodontist will help shorten the length of treatment. There are two contact-closure straps around the upper arm, each of which can be tightened or loosened as needed as your humerus bone fracture care progresses. If you have only slight alignment issues, it will take less time to achieve the desired results. A Sarmiento 1 , J B Zagorski, G A Zych, L L Latta, C A Capps. Depending on how and where your bone breaks, different treatments are needed. Trials. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] We break down all these factors in this article so you can get the best idea of how long your orthodontic treatment will take. The typical guideline for a removable retainer is to wear it full time, except for mealtimes and cleanings, for. 2015 Feb;101(1 Suppl):S41-9. Great brace overall! Shop the Sarmiento Brace - https://www.braceability.com/products. If youre thinking about getting braces, then youre probably wondering how much it will hurt. Karimi D, Brorson S, Midtgaard KS, Fjalestad T, Paulsen A, Olerud P, Ekholm C, Wolf O, Viberg B; SHAFT Collaborators. The most common treatment for a humeral shaft fracture is called a fracture brace, often referred to as a Sarmiento brace, named after the physician who popularized this treatment method. This can help protect your braces and prevent injuries to the mouth. The advice and information contained in this website is not intended as a substitute for medical counseling. 2000 Apr;82(4):478-86. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200004000-00003. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. over 6-8 weeks Braces can cause discomfort, but its usually not too, If you're getting braces, you may be wondering, how are braces put on? Avoid eating sugary, sticky, crunchy, or hard foods. Data Trace is the publisher of Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. vdd Y'V09pE$?nEQm`fWWzU}Bq66w;)B;l2E"IJ;oqAbWcyTD}~lQ* aligning your teeth, giving you an aesthetically pleasing smile, and a healthy bite, avoiding trauma to the front teeth in people with flared front teeth, preventing the development of cavities, gum disease, and jaw alignment conditions like, preventing or improving speech impediments caused by misalignment, improving your self-confidence or self-esteem by achieving a desired look. If your fracture was associated with an injury to your radial nerve, there is a good chance that the nerve will recover completely. The management of displaced humeral shaft fractures - A survey of UK shoulder and elbow surgeons. Here are some dos and donts your orthodontist may advise to help make your treatment successful. Click here to get connected or call 866-383-0748 (toll-free, 24/7). Towson, MD 21204 Epub 2021 Jul 27. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Edited by the OTA Patient Education Committee and Steven Papp, MD (section lead) The length of time you wear braces to treat these conditions can vary based on severity. She continues to follow her passion for connecting people with the healthcare they need by writing informative content about dentistry and medicine. Functional bracing for the treatment of fractures of the humeral diaphysis. Guevel B, Gokaraju K, Mohamed F, Sorensen F, Gillott E, Domos P. Shoulder Elbow. Some people need to leave their braces on for three years. You should talk with your orthodontist for the most accurate estimate for your wearing time. Ask your healthcare provider for a special brace to wear in the shower. This brace is typically worn full time for at least 6 weeks and possibly up to 12 weeks. If you experience chafing, add a cotton layer to your brace and treat your skin with a combination of ointment and lotion until the chafing heals. The diagnosis is made using a clinical examination and x-rays. Its cylinder-shape provides a stabilizing force equal in all directions (circumferential compression), which limits motion at the fracture site so it can heal correctly. Maybe waterproof isnt the best phrasing, as this sling will still absorb water, but it is safe to get wet and dries relatively fast. Epub 2015 Jan 17. There are several factors that impact how long you need for braces treatment. This process can be slow, sometimes taking up to 6-12 months. 3 0 obj /Contents 4 0 R Wearing a knee brace, like a hinged Bledsoe brace, after ACL surgery is thought to protect the graft as it is healing. A break at the top of your arm bone is called the proximal humerus fracture, and the bottom of the bone is called the distal humerus fracture. Wear your brace as directed by your healthcare provider. Data Trace Publishing Company The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Thank you so much. How long do I have to wear a Sarmiento brace? You may need a clamshell brace if you have a spinal fracture, or a spinal cord injury. Metal braces will limit your ability to whiten your teeth, but clear aligners can be combined with whitening treatments. The fracture will most likely be treated with a plate and screws on the bone, or occasionally with a rod that goes down the middle of the bone. Fractures of the humerus shaft make up about 5 percent of all broken bones. Since our Sarmiento Brace isnt water safe, we recommend purchasing our Waterproof Arm Sling just for showering. I hear some kids have to wear braces even longer! It may take several weeks to months for your broken arm to fully heal. 2022 Jun 2;23(1):453. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06317-6. Functional bracing for the treatment of fractures of the humeral diaphysis. They will let you know whether this short-duration treatment will work for you or if you should stick with traditional brackets. The professional orthodontist will level and align your teeth into the desired position during the initialphase of therapy. 2010 Aug 11;33(8). Many humerus fractures can heal in a brace. Wearing a brace for athletic or medical reasons is an incredibly common solution to a wide variety of physical concerns. If you are using ceramic braces, you can expect the treatment to take longer. %PDF-1.6 % By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Using this website means that you're ok with this. /Parent 2 0 R Fit is nice and comfort superior to other material braces. If you have an open bite or need your jaw alignment corrected, it will . Some angulation is well tolerated in this bone because of excellent rom at the sho Humerus fractures may take 3 + months to heal depending on their severity and location. We take a look at what works. Your orthopaedic surgeon will switch you from your splint to an adjustable brace (called a Sarmiento brace) at around 1-3 weeks after your . Dental implants are considered safe for many people. . The percentage of patients with acceptable alignment after reduction was 84% in both groups. I didnt get an invoice nor an instruction leaflet on how to use the brace, but my family and I figured it out You will need help to do this safely. What is the treatment for humerus fracture? All rights reserved. 4 0 obj This can contribute to the effectiveness of your treatment plan and help avoid additional months with braces. Your dentist uses X-rays to evaluate your oral health. Rehabilitation involves gradually increasing activities to restore muscle strength, joint motion and flexibility. This brace is typically worn full time for at least 6 weeks and possibly up to 12 weeks. He asked the others to take him to the docto Affiliation 1 University . @)|!5r7fUm!U\ZW!3v/9L}kcp= $(hkS5a#` components of a well designed cast brace include an anterior component w/ a bicipital contour and a posterior component w/ a flat mold for the triceps; velcro straps maintain adequate compression; in closed humeral shaft fractures involving the middle or proximal thirds, about 95% of patients were satisfied w/ non operative treatment, but only about 2/3 will be pain free at work or w/ ADLs; closed humeral frx w/ spiral or oblique configuration which occur in the mid or proximal humerus; non compliant patients or patients who are demented; consider applying the brace on the day of injury, along w/ a sling; some apply the cast brace at 4-5 days, at which time, some of the swelling to subsidedand the patient is more comfortable; see the patient periodically to follow reduction and adjust brace; recognize that during the first 7-10 days there may be significant improvement in the fracture reduction due to the beneficial circumferential compression forces of cast brace and the benficial forces achieved from flexion and extension of the elbow; at one week postop, the patient begins pendulum ROM exercises; at two weeks the patient may begin active ROM exercises (while upright) as long as reduction is maintained; the frx should be re-manipulated w/ the ends lose contact; generally the cast brace is left on for about 9-11 weeks (range 4-17 weeks), until there is clinical and radiographicevidence of frx consolidation; tends to occur in fractures which are more. hbbd``b`$c`$R&F %|0 4 Eating sticky, hard, or crunchy foods can break off parts of your braces. Many brands of at-home aligners also promise treatment times as short as three months, appealing to many adult patients. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.05.004. What happened to your arm when you have a humerus fracture? The treatment is done with a cast. Epub 2021 Jan 12. The humerus has strong muscular attachments that move your shoulder and your elbow. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Sir 25 yrs age mid shaft humerus fracture movement of plate from original position 10-15 degrees of angulation union there operated 1 mnth 7 days? see your orthodontist for adjustments regularly, follow instructions for clear aligners and other appliances. You may need to wear braces for months or several years, depending on your treatment needs. This will allow you to sit while using a handheld shower sprayer, which is safe and practical. Following your doctor's recommendations regarding when and how long to wear a brace is critical for it to be effective. e4% &= Lingual braces are unique. Ahad A, Haque A, Armstrong A, Modi A, Pandey R, Singh HP. dd@ A3PPC)E``=qAmGv If your pain is controlled and you dont have other injuries, admission to the hospital is typically not necessary. A Sarmiento brace is used to stabilize a fracture in your upper arm while leaving your elbow free, allowing motion in. 1 0 obj All Rights Reserved. ju7uwhg:7Ssn)ZEiv"tsHl>sZ)[ srs bz|a$_w7f4ZfElvat,-f&>uWq*(4FKZ84U+WC}lzt@B'o?_GQKC'JcY8OMTz\`Gr `M-m 9 Wx&]4c?L1rrmC!0Q.)Jgzpnq(x DHr'0m36v.a=#o{1:w\OIhn! What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Dental Implants? 2022 Jun;14(3):263-268. doi: 10.1177/1758573220986940. Every mouth is different and each person possesses a set of unique teeth and bite problems. Additionally, an adult may need to wear them longer than a kid, as their mouth is harder and more set. Follow instructions for removable or adjustable appliances like clear aligners, rubber bands, expanders, or headgear. Sign up to receive the latest news and offers from Dentaly.org. It is more common with fractures that happen closer to the bottom of the bone. <> endstream endobj 47 0 obj <> endobj 48 0 obj <> endobj 49 0 obj <>stream %%EOF You may still have considerable pain in the arm, but this typically declines over several weeks. How long to wear sarmiento brace, steroid build muscle lose fat - Legal steroids for sale How long to wear sarmiento brace Arnold had lagging calf muscles, and would wear long pants to hide them, until one day he realized that he was making a mistake. Natalie used to work as a Community Health Worker and Health Insurance Navigator. Hold the brace in place and log-roll onto your back. For the patient, the orthopedic surgeon may switch from a splint (cast) to an adjustable brace at around 1-3 weeks after the injury. Sarmiento cast A Sarmiento or patella tendon bearing cast (or PTB) is usually applied as the last stage of treatment for tibia fractures. Something has happened when you tried to send us your data. Removing braces too soon may undo the progress of your alignment correction. Sarmiento cast A Sarmiento or patella tendon bearing cast (or PTB) is usually applied as the last stage of treatment for tibia fractures. Last medically reviewed on January 11, 2021. TESTED AND PROVEN - Promoting the healing and recovery of long-bone humerus fractures, the clamshell Sarmiento brace compresses your surrounding muscles and soft tissues. You can plan on getting your final results within six months, depending on your oral health situation. This is because your teeth are attached to bone inside your mouth thus, there is no way to quickly move them into position safely. There are many forms of orthodontic treatment, and these different types can affect the duration of your treatment. On average, you can expect it to take one to two years to complete orthodontic treatment with metal braces or clear braces. N|WX^lG)ib[pKUt-WE~f ~sj!E&Q_E]Uf"x36|1jQ1 KtMz`;17/g'b56QKu)hl FZ/&3/Nn"3kom7@Sur4Jjeh[@! How well you comply with wear time if you have removable braces. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of humeral SHAFT fractures compared by a patient-reported outcome: the Scandinavian Humeral diAphyseal Fracture Trial (SHAFT)-a study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. how long will my arm take 2 recover. !CIB3/8aw6U/?|_t4$~Xe?gNQXw_Ppb_Z. Ideally. What are the 12 general lab safety rules?