We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. Marco is using an example of. Vince's behavior is an example of. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? 0000001035 00000 n Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; This is most like which of the following techniques? Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. 0 After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. Harry's belief is based on. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. DISCUSSION. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. (The secretary had left the office.) >> In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. 0 in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. This is an example of_______ cause. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. 1. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. 1 Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Nicole will probably experience. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. Festinger, L. (1957). Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. He must be a genius." Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Leon Festinger and his colleague James In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. B. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . <> Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. /T 679093 In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. 2. JANIS, I.L. 0000094931 00000 n Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. /Parent 45 0 R This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. <> If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. New York: Harper & Row. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. You have created 2 folders. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. This is. Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. /Prev 679084 The results were surprising to Festinger. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. endobj by meredith_davis9, New York Times, p.C1. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change.