the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

", This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 07:49. Although the German Peasants' War of 15241525 began as a tax and anti-corruption protest as reflected in the Twelve Articles, its leader Thomas Mntzer gave it a radical Reformation character. Unintended Reformation How A Religious Revolution Secularized Society Pdf by online. [citation needed]. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther, seeing strength in a united Protestant front. Sascha O. Becker, Steven Pfaff and Jared Rubin. [25][26] Some 100,000 peasants were killed by the end of the war.[27]. Which statement best describes the Roman Inquisition? The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in Latin. Albert, Duke of Prussia formally declared the "Evangelical" faith to be the state religion. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. The period of tolerance came under strain during the reign of King Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt Wasa). The Counter-Reformation The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the previous century and could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. The adoption of Lutheranism was also one of the main reasons for the eruption of the Dacke War, a peasants uprising in Smland. The movement is also labeled the Catholic Reformation and the Catholic renaissance, since elements of Catholic reform and revival predated . The Peace of Augsburg ended the conflict between. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary (15531558), a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. [53] In 1526, Frederick forbade papal investiture of bishops in Denmark and in 1527 ordered fees from new bishops be paid to the crown, making Frederick the head of the church of Denmark. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. The Catholic Reformation was the movement within the Catholic Church to renew the doctrinal, spiritual, moral . Powerful and remarkably well written, The Reformation is possibly the finest available introduction to this hugely important chapter in religious and political history. Catholics labeled self-identified Evangelicals "Lutherans" to discredit them after the practice of naming a heresy after its founder. They found this in the teaching of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. Today, we call this "Roman Catholic" because there are so many other types of churches (for example . As an experimental approach to reduce the caseload in Normandy, a special court just for the trial of heretics was established in 1545 in the Parlement de Rouen. During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. This period is known as the English Reformation. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France, leading some Huguenots to live as Nicodemites. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. Lower gender gap in school enrollment and literacy rates. Regensburg Article 5 on Justification The Early Reformation in Europe Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588 The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509-1580) Believe, Obey, Fight Fruits of Migration Venice's Hidden Enemies The Road from Eden The Lutheran Reformation was started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he wrote and published his Ninety-Five Theses. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. Sigismund, who was also the King of Sweden until deposed, was educated by Jesuits in Sweden before his election as King of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. Such strong measures only fanned the flames of protest, however. It involved a revolt against the authority and principles of the Christian Church in Rome with Skip to content SELF STUDY HISTORY India's number one portal for History Optional Home History Optional Material Reformers and their opponents made heavy use of inexpensive pamphlets as well as vernacular Bibles using the relatively new printing press, so there was swift movement of both ideas and documents. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. At one point in history[when? After the 1526 Battle of Mohcs, the Hungarian people were disillusioned by the inability of the government to protect them and turned to the faith they felt would infuse them with the strength necessary to resist the invader. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe.[36][c]. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. Reform writers used existing styles, cliches and stereotypes which they adapted as needed. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. Henry strongly wanted a male heir, and many of his subjects might have agreed, if only because they wanted to avoid another dynastic conflict like the Wars of the Roses. For this, it took several action such as not allowing more corruption among the members, founded new religious orders to strengthen the institution. This led to a Counter-Reformation in Spain in the 1530s. [38], The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], A 2020 study linked the spread of Protestantism to personal ties to Luther (e.g. [4] The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars. Between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg uprisings calling for equal rights and freedom for all Christian denominations, with varying success; the uprisings were usually organised from Transylvania. Even though the majority of the nobility were Catholic circa 1700, Protestants remained in these lands and pockets of Protestantism could be found outside the German-speaking lands of the former PolishLithuanian Commonwealth into the 20th century. Saint Peter. [53] During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. But compared to the bloody and chaotic state of affairs in contemporary France, it was relatively successful, in part because Queen Elizabeth lived so long, until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the seventeenth century. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). Reformation ideas and Protestant church services were first introduced in cities, being supported by local citizens and also some nobles. Ultimately, since Calvin and Luther disagreed strongly on certain matters of theology (such as double-predestination and Holy Communion), the relationship between Lutherans and Calvinists was one of conflict. About one person in seventy-five was part of the Church, as a priest, monk, nun, or member of a lay order. Arguably, the Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther's ninety-five theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, in the year 1517. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on one hand and Catholicism on the other. [36] Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. The term Protestant, though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles. Under Philip II, conservatives in the Spanish church tightened their grip, and those who refused to recant such as Rodrigo de Valer were condemned to life imprisonment. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. . Later on, Socinus and his followers emigrated to Poland. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the New Testament into Basque[d] and Barnese for the benefit of her subjects. They clarified and defended Catholic teachings. An agreement reached by the Council of Trent was that. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Leaders within the Roman Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Confutatio Augustana in 1530, the Council of Trent in 1545, the formation of the Jesuits in 1540, the Defensio Tridentin fidei in 1578, and also a series of wars and expulsions of Protestants that continued until the 19th century. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. One famous incident illustrating this was when radical Zwinglians fried and ate sausages during Lent in Zurich city square by way of protest against the Church teaching of good works. [62] In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction. In your own words, restate the advice Ronsard gives Helene in the last two lines of his poem. The center of Protestant learning in Hungary has for some centuries been the University of Debrecen. Protestant historians have become accustomed to calling this 'reflexive or defensive movement' the 'Counter- Reformation . From a Catholic perspective, the Second Vatican Council called for an end to the Counter-Reformation. Which list states events from the English Reformation in the correct order? The king was given possession of all church property, church appointments required royal approval, the clergy were subject to the civil law, and the "pure Word of God" was to be preached in the churches and taught in the schoolseffectively granting official sanction to Lutheran ideas. No one translated the Bible into Italian; few tracts were written. [65] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. [citation needed]. He was raised to the rank of a cardinal in 1565 and a year later was made bishop of Bologna. Witch trials became more common in regions or other jurisdictions where Protestants and Catholics contested the religious market. These courts came to known as "La Chambre Ardente" ("the fiery chamber") because of their reputation of meting out death penalties on burning gallows.[73]. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. [17][bettersourceneeded], Pope Sixtus IV (14711484) established the practice of selling indulgences to be applied to the dead, thereby establishing a new stream of revenue with agents across Europe. Despite heavy persecution by Henry II, the Reformed Church of France, largely Calvinist in direction, made steady progress across large sections of the nation, in the urban bourgeoisie and parts of the aristocracy, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. [citation needed]. [67] The Welsh Protestants used the model of the Synod of Dort of 16181619. Ottoman incursions decreased conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, helping the Reformation take root. Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? The unique government (Poland was a republic where the citizen nobility owned the state) meant the king could not enforce a religious settlement even he if so desired. The Reformation is usually dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. In 1517, Luther nailed the Ninety-five theses to the Castle Church door, and without his knowledge or prior approval, they were copied and printed across Germany and internationally. The establishment of many Protestant churches, groups, and movements, including. The Counter-Reformation The Reformation's Legacy The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic. Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. A. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of John Calvin across Europe. The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. Additionally, the Orthodox also sought to join the Catholic Church (accomplished in the Union of Brze [Brest]); however, this union failed to achieve a lasting, permanent, and complete union of the Catholics and Orthodox in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The end of the sale of indulgences. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. Songs such as the Lutheran hymns or the Calvinist Psalter became tools for the spread of Protestant ideas and beliefs, as well as identity flags. [1] The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. [8] Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, sometimes employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon with the Unitarians of Transylvania. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Although Protestantism triumphed relatively easily in Scotland, the exact form of Protestantism remained to be determined. People who did not conform to the will of the Habsburgs and the leaders of the Catholic Church were forcibly sent there. Bohemia later also elected two Protestant kings (George of Podbrady, Frederick of Palatine). Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. It is also considered to be one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.[2]. While Lutheranism gained a foothold among the German- and Slovak-speaking populations, Calvinism became widely accepted among ethnic Hungarians. Read More Czech), having lay people receive communion in both kinds (bread and winethat is, in Latin, communio sub utraque specie), married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the concept of purgatory. In the early 17th century internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church between two tendencies of Calvinism, the Gomarists and the liberal Arminians (or Remonstrants), resulted in Gomarist Calvinism becoming the de facto state religion. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [citation needed], Word of the Protestant reformers reached Italy in the 1520s but never caught on. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation was known as the era of Catholic Resurgence which started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. Corrections? [32][b][22][34] Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534) was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to Modern Standard German. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. Motivating factors in their decision to adopt aspects of the Reformation included the historical rivalry and mistrust between the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches along with their concerns of Jesuit priests entering Greek lands in their attempts to propagate the teachings of the Counter-Reformation to the Greek populace. About us. Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. The Church was omnipresent in early-modern European society. [70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. At that time, Mennonites and Czech Brothers came to Poland. Different levels of income tax revenue per capita,% of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. Lutheranism found few adherents among the other peoples of the two countries. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. Four religions were declared to be "accepted" (recepta) religions (the fourth being Unitarianism, which became official in 1583 as the faith of the only Unitarian king, John II Sigismund Zpolya, r. 15401571), while Eastern Orthodox Christianity was "tolerated" (though the building of stone Orthodox churches was forbidden). His "Ordinances" of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. The 17th century saw a complex struggle between Presbyterianism (particularly the Covenanters) and Episcopalianism. [citation needed], Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. Upon the arrival of the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism reached some Basques through the translation of the Bible into the Basque language by Joanes Leizarraga. Instead the Catholic Church undertook a long and steady campaign of persuasion. The Counter-Reformation was a period of spiritual, moral, and intellectual revival in the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, usually dated from 1545 (the opening of the Council of Trent) to 1648 (the end of the Thirty Years' War). His wife, Catherine of Aragon, bore him only a single child who survived infancy, Mary. The term Reformation refers to a great religious reform movement in Europe during the 16th century. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. [14], The leaders of the Roman Catholic Church condemned him at the Council of Constance (14141417) and he was burnt at the stake, despite a promise of safe-conduct. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, himself a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Teter, Magda. Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement, so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. [citation needed], Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes. The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. There was a big protest against the Christian Church in different parts of Europe and it ultimately resulted in the emergence of the Protestant Christian religion. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. World Civilization Chapter 5 - The Counter-Re, The Counter Reformation, Chapter 1, Section 7, Literature and Philosophy of the Renaissance, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Nurs418: Atrioventricular Blocks and Pacemake, ACE Health and Wellness Coach Practice Test, Nursing Management of Hypertension NURS 4554. [77] Protestants in Spain were estimated at between 1000 and 3000, mainly among intellectuals who had seen writings such as those of Erasmus. After Habsburgs took control of the region, the Hussite churches were prohibited and the kingdom partially recatholicised. But if you think modern life is more than an endless bad-tempered argument, you may concede that Luther's Reformation gave us a few useful, if largely, unexpected gifts. In the first half of the 16th century, the enormous PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was a country of many religions and Churches, including: Roman Catholics, Byzantine Orthodox, Armenian Oriental Orthodox, Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites, and Sunni Muslims. From SmartHistory, here is a great lecture to give you an overview of the Counter Reformation. Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind", Rubin, "Printing and Protestants" Review of Economics and Statistics pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. [74] In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam (October 1685), giving free passage to Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for ten years. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. This massacre was perhaps the most notorious episode of religious violence of the Reformation era. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . Omissions? According to a 2020 study in the American Sociological Review, the Reformation spread earliest to areas where Luther had pre-existing social relations, such as mail correspondents, and former students, as well as where he had visited. The Calvinist and Lutheran doctrine of the. This assertion of civic independence was the context of Calvin's invitation to Geneva, and many of Calvin's reforms and his growing influence sparked resistance within Geneva's . The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the 1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before. Those who fled to England were given support by the Church of England. This established the preconditions for a series of destructive and intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. On the eve of the Protestant Reformation, Christianity held the predominant position within the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Catholicism received preferential treatment at the expense of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. [59] Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. In the early 16th century, Spain had a different political and cultural milieu from its Western and Central European neighbours in several respects, which affected the mentality and the reaction of the nation towards the Reformation. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. These critics hold to the common linguistic ..that only humans are capable of communicating through language. The shift toward political and religious freedom in turn, helped spawn the Reformation movement, which caused a divide within the powerful Catholic Church, leading many Europeans to turn to then . Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. The Habsburg-sanctioned Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. Under the reign of Frederick I (152333), Denmark remained officially Catholic. Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. The former settled in the Vistula Delta where they used their agricultural abilities to turn parts of the delta into plodders. Czech reformer and university professor Jan Hus (c. 13691415) became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation first entered Poland through the mostly German-speaking areas in the country's north. Among the cultural manifestations of the Catholic Reformation in Europe was the development of the Baroque style in Art. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the Dutch Reformed Church, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward.