This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" [1]:70. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. While Latin America, Asia, and Africa were already dictatorship countries, they differed from the dictatorships formed in what became known as the Eastern Bloc. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. There must be more than one party competing in the elections. [1]:71. Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Too Much Power. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. [according to whom? Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. 2. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. [128]. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. Dictatorships have arisen throughout history, usually in times of crisis. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", "Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture, "Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships", "How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes", "Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not", "Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictatorship&oldid=1142733963, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. scholarly analysis of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Mao, as well as Kim Il-sung of North Korea; Franois Duvalier, or Papa Doc, of Haiti; Nicolae Ceauescu of Romania; and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. 3. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. One person holds all of the country's power. [79] Fascism developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, socialism, and modernism, and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s. In the United Kingdom, for example, the chief executive is the prime minister, and the ministers are the heads of the executive departments, which together compose the government. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. " [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. He all but eradicated corruption. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. [132] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. Laos (since 1975) Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. If you think that today's world is all about democracy, human rights, and freedoms, you live in a total illusion and you should definitely read our list of 15 countries with dictatorships today. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. [1] Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. Modern Dictatorship Countries. Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009).
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