[25], There are three main types of electrolytic cells, solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs), polymer electrolyte membrane cells (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs). Sign In or Register HERE for Free to Download the To produce one kg of H2 you need 9 kg of water. The challenge is to separate hydrogen from other naturally occurring compounds in an efficient and economic manner. What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell to power an electric motor, contains approximately the same energy as a gallon of . The energy consumed by the process is 10-15 kWh/kg. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 2, No. between 0.80.9 kg/kWh, seven plants use between 0.9- 1.0 kg/kWh, and at three plants - coal usage exceeds 1.0 kg/kWh. complete answer This has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the hydrogen produced by reducing the amount of electrical energy required for electrolysis.[40][41][42][43]. Coke oven gas made from pyrolysis (oxygen free heating) of coal has about 60% hydrogen, the rest being methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). So, let us examine the carbon footprint of hydrogen when produced via the common SMR process. A theoretical maximum of 4mol H2/mol glucose can be produced and, besides hydrogen, sugars are converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols as by-products during this process. The hydrogen calculator allows users to convert hydrogen quantities from one standard measure to another - whether it's mass, volume, or energy content. [77] The term cycle is used because aside from water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled. [3] In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced[4] worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, in the production of ammonia through the Haber process, and in the production of methanol through reduction of carbon monoxide. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. Consumption under WLTP is rated at 1.19 kg/100 km Advertisement 8 Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. But that is for the actual conversion into power, and not just the energy content of the fuel. 28 0 obj <> endobj One is to use power to gas, in which electric power is used to produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water, and the other is to use landfill gas to produce hydrogen in a steam reformer. Although requiring expensive technologies, hydrogen can be cooled, compressed and purified for use in other processes on site or sold to a customer via pipeline, cylinders or trucks. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one. Energy Transitions Commission (680 million tonnes) and the International Energy Agency (320 million tonnes), Chris Goodall work for CLSA in Hong Kong (562 million tonnes). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. From the elemental analysis of the coal, the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, ash, and moisture in the coal is known. This has an energy value of about 2,300 TWh, or roughly the same amount as the EUs electricity consumption (excluding the UK, of course). 2, Estimates vary, but about 70 million tonnes of pure hydrogen is made today, mostly for the fertiliser and oil refinery industries. In fact, it was first demonstrated at the Florida Solar Energy Center . The conversion of hydrogen back into electricity can be classically done by using internal combustion engines (ICE), gas turbines, or in the very large scale combined cycle power plants. [3]This is equivalent to 4.5 US cents per kWh of energy value, or $45 per MWh. mol - 1 + Heat 48.6 kJ. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Before 2030, he wants to bring that figure down to $1.60/kg. Efficiencies range from approximately 30% for gas turbines and up to 60% for large scale combined cycle plants. Hydrogen Data Hydrogen is colorless and odorless Detectors are needed Hydrogen flames are virtually invisible in daylight Detectors are needed Hydrogen disperses 3.8 times as fast as natural gas. The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. Steam must be generated, the reactor must be heated, etc. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. In the laboratory, water electrolysis can be done with a simple apparatus like a. Chukwu, C., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., "Process Simulation of Nuclear-Produced Hydrogen with a Cu-Cl Cycle", 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 14, 2008. " But they need substantial sources of external heat. The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. How much energy does it take to compress hydrogen? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation or potentially as a transportation fuel. When ignited, the gas mixture converts to water vapor and releases energy, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H2 burned. A mole of hydrogen weighs 2 grams. Hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons, which are unsuitable for catalytic steam reforming, is achieved by partial oxidation. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. At these high temperatures, a significant amount of the energy required can be provided as thermal energy (heat), and as such is termed high-temperature electrolysis. Energy Density of Hydrogen. The best way of transporting hydrogen in terms of energy density is liquid hydrogen, achieving more than 2.3 kWh/litre. [110][111][112][113], Hydrogen is used for the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter ones via hydrocracking. [93], Fermentative hydrogen production can be done using direct biophotolysis by green algae, indirect biophotolysis by cyanobacteria, photo-fermentation by anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria and dark fermentation by anaerobic fermentative bacteria. Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. MRE electrolyzers require 48 kilowatt hours (KWH) of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. "They would cover an area about twice the size of . 1 gallon = 137,381 Btu ( for distillate fuel with 15 ppm or less sulfur content at 5.77 million Btu per barrel in 2021; preliminary) Around 8GW of electrolysis capacity is installed worldwide in 2020, accounting for around 4% of global hydrogen production. Our calculation estimated that a total of 82,553, 168.4, and 2300 tons of medical waste was . Based on the atomic properties of water, 1 kg of hydrogen gas requires about 2.4 gallons of water as feedstock. Because hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density, it is stored onboard a vehicle as a compressed gas to achieve the driving range of conventional vehicles. The most authoritative report on the hydrogen economy's prospects in the United 1 The total of just over $900 million includes more than $610 million in One kilogram of hydrogen is the energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline, which produces 9.1 kg of CO2when combusted. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. By contrast, hydrogen has an energy density of approximately 120 MJ/kg, almost three times more than diesel or gasoline. The cost of hydrogen production is an important issue. How much energy is produced? This is a BETA experience. That is one of the reasons why hydrogen is used as fuel for space travel. All the energy we use, including hydrogen, must be produced from one of these three primary energy resources. [31], Electrolysis consists of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This calculator allows you to calculate the amount of each fuel necessary to provide the same energy as 1 kg of hydrogen, 1 million cubic feet natural gas, 1 barrel of crude oil, or 1 gallon of other fuels, based on lower heating values. [16][17], The process is conducted at higher temperatures (1065C or 1950F). [6] Carbon dioxide can be co-fed to lower the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio. How is the energy density of hydrogen determined? 1.5 kWh/kg system (4.5 wt.% hydrogen) 1.0 kWh/L system (0.030 kg hydrogen/L) $10/kWh ($333/kg stored hydrogen capacity). Petroleum coke can also be converted to hydrogen-rich syngas via coal gasification. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 710 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. [7] Carbon dioxide can be separated from natural gas with a 7085% efficiency for hydrogen production and from other hydrocarbons to varying degrees of efficiency. ) to express MWh. . How much is a kWh of hydrogen? kilograms). Pressurised hydrogen contains about 0.5 kWh/litre at 200 bar, 1.1 kWh/litre at 500 bar and 1.4 kWh/litre at 700 bar. [6], The carbon monoxide gas can then be passed with steam over iron oxide or other oxides and undergo a water-gas shift reaction to obtain further quantities of H2. But as in most things in life, you can't have it all as fuel cells are not 100 % efficient. 4 How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? The energy in 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon (6.2 pounds, 2.8 kilograms) of gasoline. The S-I cycle follows three chemical reactions:[76], Sulfuric acid decomposition: H2SO4=SO2+1/2O2+H2O. When it is burned with oxygen, the only by products are heat and water. The higher heating value is 39.39 kWh/kg or 3.54 kWh/Nm. [47], Conventional alkaline electrolysis has an efficiency of about 70%,[48] however advanced alkaline water electrolyser with efficiency of up to 82% are available. using atmospheric electrolyses. [14] It is a "no-greenhouse-gas" approach for potentially low-cost hydrogen production being measured for its capability to scale up[15] and for operation at scale. into the oxygen side of the reactor. The bacterial community which was dominated by a new phylotype of Desulfotomaculum, was feeding on primarily radiolytically produced hydrogen. A valid e-mail address. Billions of dollars have been invested in the attempt to realize this vision. You may opt-out by. The energy in 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon (6.2 pounds, 2.8 kilograms) of gasoline. A completely efficient electrolysis system would require 39 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Because of the 1-to-1 stoichiometry of . Electrolysis uses electricity to produce hydrogen. 11, How large a wind farm is needed to make a million tonnes of hydrogen? One of the advantages of electrolysis over hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) is that the hydrogen can be produced on-site, meaning that the costly process of delivery via truck or pipeline is avoided. This converts to 0.28 kg of carbon dioxide emissions associated with one kilowatt-hour of hydrogen production. [1][2] Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, zero-CO2-emission methane pyrolysis, and electrolysis of water. In electrical terms, the energy density of hydrogen is equal to 33.6 kWh of usable energy per kg, versus diesel which only holds about 12-14 kWh per kg. [84] The method has been in use since World War I. This reduces the required electrical energy and has the potential to reduce the cost of hydrogen to less than 40~60% with the remaining energy provided in this manner. [74] The heating temperature can be reduced by applying catalysts which allow the water decomposition by steps with lower energy. Also referred to as energy or calorific value, heat value is a measure of a fuel's energy density, and is expressed in energy (joules) per specified amount ( e.g. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. [39], SOECs operate at high temperatures, typically around 800C (1,470F). Those of us who look at the stock market valuations of the existing electrolyser manufacturers and recoil in disbelief may not being sufficiently imaginative. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? It is currently the cheapest source of industrial hydrogen. With the objective of reducing the cost of hydrogen production, renewable sources of energy have been targeted to allow electrolysis. Generating Hydrogen by electrolysis from wind farm electricity is now the cheapest way of producing the gas.Fuel Cells. Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585. complete answer on wernerantweiler.ca, View complete answer on sciencedirect.com, View Hydrogen (H 2) 120-142 MJ/kg. Dimethyl ether - DME (CH 3 OCH 3) Someday it might make sense to fill cars with hydrogen. The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process. Hydrogen burns cleanly. It can be used as a source of power, and it is an important feed stock for many petrochemical processes. The generator is small enough to fit a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed. Receive the Free RBN Daily Energy Blog via email every morning to stay on top of energy market trends and the mechanics that drive them. Electrolysis of ammonia in waste water consumes just 1.55 kWh of electrical energy to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. [44] AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near 200C (392F). Hydrogen costs may be quoted in $/kg or . Nevertheless, if a cheap source of electricity is available such as excess grid electricity at certain times of the day it may be economical to produce hydrogen in this way. [40] These cells have the advantage of being comparatively simple and can be designed to accept widely varying voltage inputs, which makes them ideal for use with renewable sources of energy such as photovoltaic solar panels. Electrolysis is a process that splits hydrogen from water using an electric current. The latter processes, methane pyrolysis as well as water electrolysis can be done directly with any source of electricity, such as solar power. The reforming reaction typically takes place over a nickel-based catalyst at elevated pressures and temperatures. Producing 1 kg of hydrogen requires about 5 kWh of electricity for process heat. The 2 main ways to produce hydrogen from renewables are: . Its energy density is between 120 (33.333kWh) and 142 MJ/kg (39.444kWh). [109], 94 million tonnes of grey hydrogen are currently produced globally using fossil fuels as of 2022, primarily natural gas, and are therefore a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, metabolites formed in dark fermentation can be used as feedstock in photo fermentation to enhance the overall yield of hydrogen.[92]. Fuel cells are more expensive to produce . Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. [3]Whether this is true or not strongly depends on the region of the world in which the comparison is being made. The molecular weight of H2 is 2.016 grams per mole. The fuel . Pyrolysis can be divided into different types based on the pyrolysis temperature, namely low-temperature slow pyrolysis, medium-temperature rapid pyrolysis, and high-temperature flash pyrolysis. [18][19][20] Other forms of methane pyrolysis, such as the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane, however, are able to operate at a reduced temperature between 600C - 1000C depending on the chosen catalyst.[21]. is a research institute of the In electrical terms, the energy density of hydrogen is equal to 33.6 kWh of usable energy per kg, versus diesel which only holds about 12-14 kWh per kg. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". However, it is possible in theory to capture the carbon emissions generated in the SMR process. The downside to this process is that its byproducts are major atmospheric release of CO2, CO and other greenhouse gases. In addition to reduce the voltage required for electrolysis via the increasing of the temperature of the electrolysis cell it is also possible to electrochemically consume the oxygen produced in an electrolyser by introducing a fuel (such as carbon/coal,[62] methanol,[63][64] ethanol,[65] formic acid,[66] glycerol,[66] etc.) These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Greater compression energies are required to fill vehicles in practice due to compressor inefficiencies and heating during fast fills. Todays global production from all wind and solar farms is a little more than 10% of this figure. Enapter's electrolysers produce hydrogen gas at 35 bar with a purity of ~99.9%. The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is one of the most promising CO2-free nuclear technique to produce hydrogen by splitting water in a large scale. Hydrogen is little more than transformed electricity. However, this process has relatively low hydrogen yields and high operating cost. The lower the energy used by a generator, the higher would be its efficiency; a 100%-efficient electrolyser would consume 39.4 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (142MJ/kg) of hydrogen,[45] 12,749 joules per litre (12.75MJ/m3). As noted in our gasoline example, CO is 3.67 times heavier than carbon. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. So, this is a LHV (lower heating value) of 120.9 kJ/gram of hydrogen when heat of vaporization is subtracted. View complete answer on wernerantweiler.ca. Hydrogen burns cleanly. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5 cents/kWh will cost $28/million BTU slightly less than two times the cost of hydrogen from natural gas. Energy Equivalency of Fuels. One million SCF of hydrogen contains 79,100 kilowatt hours of energy. CC-HOD (Catalytic Carbon - Hydrogen On Demand) is a low-temperature process in which carbon and aluminium are submerged and heated to about 80C (176F), causing a chemical reaction which produces hydrogen. Hydrogen has an energy density of 39 kWh/kg, which means that 1 kg of hydrogen contains 130 times more energy than 1kg of batteries. A variation of this process is presented in 2009 using, plasma arc waste disposal technology for the production of hydrogen, heat and carbon from methane and natural gas in a plasma converter. How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? 4, How much electrical energy does it take to make a kilogramme of hydrogen in an electrolyser? President George W. Bush touted the potential for a hydrogen economy in his 2003 State of the Union address. To meet the need for hydrogen we need a sharp acceleration in renewable installations to several terawatts a year. In fossil fuels, it is combined with carbon as in petroleum, natural gas or coal. Among many hydrogen production methods, eco-friendly and high purity of hydrogen (99.999%) can be obtained from electrolysis of water to produce pure hydrogen and oxygen it is called as water electrolysis. [2]This will have an energy value of about 16,500 TWh, or about 40% of the worlds current consumption of natural gas. . Refueling with compressed hydrogen is relatively fast . What is produced when you burn hydrogen? Hydrogen Conversion Calculator Today! Alkaline and PEM electrolysers offer performance of this level but Solid Oxide electrolysers already offer 80% conversion of electricity to hydrogen. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Energy needed to make 1 kg of H2 = 32.9 kWh/kg. I have converted their data to metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted by these process units per million SCF of hydrogen produced. This will be the topic of a future article. High quality hydrogen is produced directly from natural gas and the associated non-polluting solid carbon is not released into the atmosphere and can then be sold for industrial use or stored in landfill. Since 90% of 1 kg is 900 g, there are about 900 g of carbon atoms in 1 kilo of anthracite coal. [88], The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. [75] The source energy is mainly solar energy, with help of photosynthetic microorganisms to decompose water or biomass to produce hydrogen. The levelised costs of hydrogen (LCOH), defined in Section 2, are expressed as costs per MWh H2 (HHV) in this report. endstream endobj startxref What is the most efficient way to convert hydrogen to electricity? of moles in one kilograms 2007-2014 University of Central Florida. The carbon footprint of hydrogen production via SMR can be broken down into two parts. . The iX5's two hydrogen tanks hold a combined six kilograms, and offer an WLTP-cycle range of 504 km. How much energy is released when hydrogen and oxygen are ignited? hydrogen economy [2]1. [87] with a hydrogen production rate of 1012 ml per liter culture per hour. hbbd```b```6dRln`5\V"9@$r "X8X g*"`>E$O`0XDy }L@wq The cost of hydrogen production is an important issue. Dimensions Hydrogen Methane Density at NTP kg/m 3 0.09 0.72 Gravimetric HHV MJ/kg 142.0 55.6 Volumetric HHV MJ/m 3 12.7 40.0 Figure 2 shows the volumetric HHV energy densities of different energy carrier . [72], Water spontaneously dissociates at around 2500C, but this thermolysis occurs at temperatures too high for usual process piping and equipment resulting in a rather low commercialization potential.[73]. Hydrogen has the highest energy density of all conventional fuels by mass: almost three times as high as that of gasoline or diesel. Put an energy value of 50 kWh of electricity in and get hydrogen out with an energy value of 33.3 kWh, or 67% efficiency. My figures suggest the investment in electrolysers may exceed the cost of building the renewables necessary to provide the electricity for making hydrogen. Electrolysis is commonly used to demonstrate chemical reactions and hydrogen production in high school science classes. In any case, even though hydrogen itself is essentially non-polluting when burned (some nitrogen oxides, or NOx, may be formed), there is a carbon footprint associated with it. [96], Besides dark fermentation, electrohydrogenesis (electrolysis using microbes) is another possibility. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. [59] The thermodynamic energy required for hydrogen by electrolysis translates to 33 kWh/kg, which is higher than steam reforming with carbon capture and higher than methane pyrolysis. Under ambient conditions, a cubic metre of hydrogen provides some 3 kWh, equivalent to 0.003 kWh per litre. Unless we see a reduction in renewable electricity generation cost, green hydrogen cost is not expected to come down below a $1.5 per kg to $2 per kg by only through electrolyser cost reduction. The CSIRO paper begins by defining ammonia as either having an energy content of 5.17 MWh per metric ton if used as a direct fuel (based on ammonia's lower heating value, LHV), or having a hydrogen energy content of 5.91 MWh/ton if cracked back into hydrogen before use in a hydrogen fuel cell (based on hydrogen's LHV). Is it better to eat a salad for lunch or dinner? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Additional heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane. Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is often referred to as green hydrogen. (1) 1 H 2 O + Electricity 237.2 kJ. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. A survey of the major manufacturers suggests a figure of about 50 kWh at present for both Alkaline and PEM electrolysers. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. %PDF-1.7 % Theoretical efficiency for PEM electrolysers is predicted up to 94%.[52]. The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors,[78] and as such, is being studied in the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. m-S3*.` qQ# 7w-N|@S5&:mpD]'j]V`Yjw 3]AbI0y"=\o?0=ElZA~e*7esM+-0I^^p;38VC1bIB[H^Dkj n0,nc&{jb$% jqH/ e e~&+E|=fiW:gU/Uu_FDi38[[Y*ZYs_dcuA 1"h4C!BATJFv)uB-2s}!{a}$a, X&s. [92], This makes it logical to investigate alternative sources for hydrogen production. To find the number of moles of H2 in 1 kilogram: 1000 grams 2.016 grams/mole = 496.081 moles of H2. 6 How is the energy density of hydrogen determined? Learn More about RBN Energys Hydrogen Package HERE. . 1 kg of hydrogen has the same energy content as 1 gallon (3.2 kg) of gasoline. About 50 kWh of electricity is required to produce 1 kg of hydrogen through electrolysis. How much does it cost to produce 1kg of hydrogen? The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold as manufacturing feedstock or landfilled, it is not released into the atmosphere and does not pollute groundwater in landfills. [8] Specifically, bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas. The heat content or the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burned is mainly determined by the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) content of the fuel. [1]So a tonne of hydrogen delivers about 33 MWh and a million tonnes about 33 terawatt hours (TWh). complete answer on greencarreports.com. Praxair In any of the latest fuel cell cars, 1 kg of hydrogen will let you drive 97 100 km. There are several methods for producing or extracting hydrogen. [89][90][91], Biomass and waste streams can in principle be converted into biohydrogen with biomass gasification, steam reforming, or biological conversion like biocatalysed electrolysis[67] or fermentative hydrogen production. Hydrogen at 50 atmospheres pressure provides about 0.13 kilowatt-hours per litre, and liquid hydrogen . This means that for every 1 kg of mass of hydrogen, it has an energy value of 120-142 MJ. To produce hydrogen by electrolysis, 39.4 kWh of input power is required to produce one kg of hydrogen, if the electrolysis process is 100% efficient. For more information about FSEC, please contact us or learn more about us. The bulk of the natural gas is desulfurized, mixed with steam, and then reacted in the reformer. The 2020 Mirai recently managed 1,003 km on a tank of hydrogen, but the official range is 400 miles (640km). There are two practical ways of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources. [34] The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 8286%[35] before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues apace.
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