(Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. PubMed It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. and JavaScript. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Google Scholar. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England.
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