During the reign of Tiberius (1437 CE), the already wealthy and elegant north Arabian city of Palmyra, located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, was made part of the Roman province of Syria. Before the rise of Islam, approximately between 400 and 600 CE, the Thamud completely disappeared. Second method: The husband would send his wife - after the menstruation . There common language was Arabic, There was no political unity among them. [22] The sedentary dialects of Eastern Arabia, including Bahrani Arabic, were influenced by Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac languages. This map shows some of the names and locations of the dominant tribes in Arabia c.600 C.E. [53][54] This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Arad, Bahrain, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples. LITERACY AMOUNG ARABS BEFORE ISLAM 4. a- Books Purchased from Paragraph Bookstore, McGill College Avenue Mahmood Ibrahim, "Social and Economic . While Zoroastrianism existed in the eastern and southern Arabia, there was no existence of Manichaeism in Mecca. The first Classical author to mention Kindah was the Byzantine ambassador Nonnosos, who was sent by the Emperor Justinian to the area. The Sasanians' ally; the Lakhmids, were also Christian Arabs, but from what is now Iraq. Some people in the past doubted their existence, but Imlaq is the singular form of 'Amaleeq and is probably synonymous to the biblical, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 10:51. Four ancient sites in Sharjah have been added to the preliminary UNESCO World Heritage List. There common language was Arabic, There was no political unity among them. "[55] The people of Tyre in particular have long maintained Persian Gulf origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon. Migration: Importance and implications 5. Arab polytheism, the dominant belief system, was based on the belief in deities and other supernatural beings such as djinn. . Sedentary Arabs who inhabited cities or rural areas (towns, villages or oases). First, let's look at what the world looked like before the emergence of Islam. Major kingdoms included the Sabaeans, Awsan, Himyar and the Nabateans. Of these the most remarkable was the existence of a belief in Allah as the Supreme God (Q. First, the emergence of a centralised state, demanding total . Dilmun is also described in the epic story of Enki and Ninhursag as the site at which the Creation occurred. Moral Decline: In pre-Islamic times, Arab society was full of moral decay. Both empires were permanently weakened by the pandemic as their citizens struggled to deal with death as well as heavy taxation, which increased as each empire campaigned for more territory. Direct link to Sofia Fitterer's post Did Muhammed always conqu, Posted 3 years ago. The Moral Basis of Islamic Law -Enjoin Good and Prohibit Wrong. a. the masses. The monotheistic religions that had already spread in Arabia before the . Arab polytheism, the dominant belief system, was based on the belief in deities and other supernatural beings such as djinn. The desert frontier of Arabia Petraea was called by the Romans the Limes Arabicus. "Dmt" in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., sfn error: no target: CITEREFRohmerCharloux2015 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAl-Ansary1999 (, D. H. Mller, Al-Hamdani, 53, 124, W. Caskel, Entdeckungen In Arabien, Koln, 1954, S. 9. Political Islam. Google Classroom. [49] The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy's Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as 'Thilouanoi'. Ninlil, the Sumerian goddess of air and south wind had her home in Dilmun. Create your account. Slideshow 5006669 by yves. [11] It was the dominant state in Arabia until 525 AD. In 600 BCE, the Babylonians and later the Persians added Dilmun to their empires. Once it was one of the most important small kingdoms of South Arabia. Think about how these connections might have influenced the adoption of Islam. We will write a custom Essay on The State of Religion in Pre-islamic Arabia specifically for you. The Muslims were able to launch attacks against both empires, which resulted in destruction of the Sassanid Empire and the conquest of Byzantium's territories in the Levant, the Caucasus, Egypt, Syria and North Africa. Let's read two historical excerpts and think about how they provide global and religious context for the development of Islam. 700 BCE and provided irrigation for about 25,000 acres (101km2) of land[76] and stood for over a millennium, finally collapsing in 570 CE after centuries of neglect. Mr Pahary (Islamic Religion And Culture (2068 & Islamic Studies (9013)) Page 3 deficient the balance'.17 It is also said in the Qur'an to 'fulfil the measure and weight and do not deprive people of their due and not to cause corruption upon the earth after its reformation'.18 There would be the introduction of regular check or surprised check by chosen members from the people. [27][28] The Sumerians described Dilmun as a paradise garden in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The origin of the Midianites has not been established. His successor Darius the Great does not mention the Arabs in the Behistun inscription from the first years of his reign, but does mention them in later texts. The origin of the Solluba is obscure. The names referred to are Akkadian. The only . The Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. [91] An influential force between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE, Qedarite monarchs are first mentioned in inscriptions from the Assyrian Empire. Formation of Islamic State and Society at Madina 6. c. the sale of the woman to her husband in exchange for a dowry. [50] Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era, for instance, the residential suburb of Arad in Muharraq, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for Muharraq island.[51]. In 50 BC, the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus cited Hieronymus in his report, and added the following: "Just as the Seleucids had tried to subdue them, so the Romans made several attempts to get their hands on that lucrative trade.". Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Solubba maintained a distinctive lifestyle as isolated nomads. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Around the time of Muhamm. As already discussed that the pre-Islamic Arabia was inhabited by two types of people, i.e. [100], Western travelers reported that the Bedouin did not consider the Solluba to be descendants of Qan. The great religious shrine of both pre-Muslim and Muslim Arabia is called the _____. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, (London . The most organized of the Northern Arabian tribes, at the height of their rule in the 6th century BCE, the Kingdom of Qedar spanned a large area between the Persian Gulf and the Sinai. He refers to the people in Greek as Khindynoi (Greek , Arabic Kindah), and mentions that they and the tribe of Maadynoi (Greek: , Arabic: Ma'ad) were the two most important tribes in the area in terms of territory and number. Following the collapse of the Kassite dynasty, Mesopotamian documents make no mention of Dilmun with the exception of Assyrian inscriptions dated to 1250 BCE which proclaimed the Assyrian king to be king of Dilmun and Meluhha. It is said that the Ghassanids came from the city of Ma'rib in Yemen. ), so it was not known in great detail. The peninsula had been a destination for Jewish migration since pre-Roman times, which had resulted in a diaspora community supplemented by local converts. The history of Pre-Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 610s is not known in great detail. These letters and other documents, hint at an administrative relationship between Dilmun and Babylon at that time. Some early Qedarite rulers were vassals of that empire, with revolts against Assyria becoming more common in the 7th century BCE. The Solluba were a utaymi tribal group in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula who were clearly distinguishable from the Arabs. Another theory sees the Solubba as a former Bedouin group that lost their herds and fell in the eyes of other Bedouin.[103][104]. However, in the early epic "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta", the main events, which center on Enmerkar's construction of the ziggurats in Uruk and Eridu, are described as taking place in a world "before Dilmun had yet been settled". Thus, studies are no longer limited to the written traditions, which are not local due to the lack of surviving Arab historians' accounts of that era; the paucity of material is compensated for by written sources from other cultures (such as Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, etc. Hadramaut annexed Qataban in the second half of the 2nd century CE, reaching its greatest size. Product filter button Description Contents Resources Courses About the Authors This book delves into the political and cultural developments of pre-Islamic Arabia, focusing on the religious attitudes of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and its northern extension into the Syrian desert. The social and religious order organized by Judaism . These were exported to the Mediterranean, India, and Abyssinia, where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea. The Kindites were polytheistic until the 6th century CE, with evidence of rituals dedicated to the idols Athtar and Khil found in their ancient capital in south-central Arabia (present day Saudi Arabia). vi. Pre-Islamic religions in Arabia included Arabian indigenous polytheistic beliefs, ancient Semitic religions (religions predating the Abrahamic religions which themselves likewise originated among the ancient Semitic-speaking peoples), various forms of Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and Mandaeism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and rarely Buddhism. October 2001. Christianity made a lesser impact, but secured some conversions, in the remainder of the peninsula. The Bedouins engaged for economic reason in horse-breeding, hunting, camel raising etc. We can say regarding the religious conditions in Pre-Islamic Arabia that polytheism and idol worshipping was the most eminent aspect of the people. . Lihyan, also called Dadn or Dedan, was a powerful and highly organized ancient Arab kingdom that played a vital cultural and economic role in the north-western region of the Arabian Peninsula and used Dadanitic language. [56] However, there is little evidence of occupation at all in Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.[57]. Sources of history include archaeological evidence, foreign accounts and oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholarsespecially in the pre-Islamic poemsand the adth, plus a number of ancient Arab documents that survived into medieval times when portions of them were cited or recorded. The Aksumite intervention is connected with Dhu Nuwas, a Himyarite king who changed the state religion to Judaism and began to persecute the Christians in Yemen. Pre-Islamic Yemen produced stylized alabaster (the most common material for sculpture) heads of great aesthetic and historic charm. Nabateens Routes. 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions. [110][need quotation to verify], "Within the lifetime of some of the children who met Muhammad and sat on the Prophet's knees, Arab armies controlled the land mass that extended from the Pyrenees Mountains in Europe to the Indus River valley in South Asia. China and Saudi Arabia have announced plans to jointly produce drones, and a number of US and international military reports in 2021 indicate that Saudi Arabia was producing missiles. [citation needed] Recent archaeological work has revealed numerous Thamudic rock writings and pictures. a. a sacrament. The general consensus among 14th-century Arabic genealogists was that Arabs were three kinds: Modern historians believe that these distinctions were created during the Umayyad period, to support the cause of different political factions.[105]. Pre-Islamic Arabia. How would it have been to convert from Christianity to becoming part of the Muslim community? The poet's role in pre-Islamic culture was religious and ritualized. lecture 3. rulership in yemen. This trade largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the Roman Empire. Most of it originates from Hadith and historical traditions, pre-Islamic poetry, and early biographical accounts, or from conclusions from Qur'anic statements. Arabia would have seemed what it had been for times immemorial, , the refuge of small and bickering nomadic tribes, . Instead, the socio-political structure of pre-Islamic Arabia was made up of many different tribes who were constantly at war with one another. Mr Pahary (Islamic Religion And Culture (2068) & Islamic Studies (9013)) Page 1 Pre Islamic Arabia Tribal / Political System in Arabia before Islam. Because each of the chapters in the volume is organised according to its own logic, there is some overlap across them. d and Thamud perished because of their decadence. A Peninsula which became known to the outside world only after the rise of Islam, as we have been barely told about the importance of Arabia before first century BC. ", "Egger, Vernon", "Origins" in A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization", "(New Jersey: 2005)", "10", "Ware, Timothy", "The Orthodox Church", "(New York:1997)", "67 69". . The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River culminated in an empire that stretched over . The proverb "They were scattered like the people of Saba" refers to that exodus in history. Muslims believe that the word of God was revealed to him by the archangel Gabriel in Arabic, who said, "Recite in the name of thy Lord " (Sura 96). [16][17] Other archaeological assemblages cannot be brought clearly into larger context, such as the Samad Late Iron Age. Introduction. Context of pre-Islamic Arabia. 1. Islam, essentially Arabian in nature, whatever superficial external influences may have affected it, is Arabia's outstanding contribution to world civilization. When the Minaeans took control of the caravan routes in the 4th century BCE, however, Hadramaut became one of its confederates, probably because of commercial interests. University of Chicago Press. Direct link to Talha Ahmed's post The religions weren't ver, Posted 3 years ago. The most impressive of these earthworks, known as the Marib Dam, was built ca. Pre-Islamic Arab Politics. By Fred McGraw Donner, 11-50. Wells is a well known science fiction author from the early 20th century, but he also wrote a two-volume, non-fiction history of the world. And although the first sure reference to them dates from 312 BCE, it is possible that they were present much earlier. ", "A history of the later Roman empire: from, "Sicker, Martin", "The Pre-Islamic Middle East","(Connecticut:2000)", "201. Gods and goddesses were worshipped at local shrines, such as the Kaaba in Mecca. "Epigraphic South Arabian". On the other hand China was a steadily expanding empire which probably at that time exceeded all Europe in population, , and the Turkish people who were growing to power in Central Asia were disposed to work in accord with China, . Am I wrong? If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Get Perfect Grades Consistently by Using Our Service +1 718 717 2861 . After Muhammad's death, in 632 C.E., the rise Islam overtook Afro-Eurasia. Mahmood Ibrahim traces the roots of capitalism from the emergence of merchants as the main force in Mecca through the first civil war in Islam (-). It came into prominence in the late 1st century BCE through the success of the spice trade. [48], The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic, Tilmun (from Dilmun). [citation needed] This fort is 50 miles northeast of al-Hasa in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. [99], Cambridge linguist and anthropologist Roger Blench sees the Solubba as the last survivors of Palaeolithic hunters and salt-traders who once dominated Arabia. [73] According to South Arabian tradition, the eldest son of Noah, Shem, founded the city of Ma'rib.[3]. [79][80] The standing relief image of a crowned man, is taken to be a representation possibly of the Jewish king Malkkarib Yuhamin or more likely the Christian Esimiphaios (Samu Yafa').[81]. [108][109] Buddhism is also but rarely practiced as well. The politics of the Middle East during the 5 th and 6 th centuries CE were complex. Arabs were not considered as subjects to the Achaemenids, as other peoples were, and were exempt from taxation. Despite the penetration of these religions into Arabia, , the peninsula was never controlled by the foreign power, . Arabian polytheism, the dominant form of religion in pre-Islamic Arabia, was based on the veneration of deities and spirits.Worship was directed to various gods and goddesses, including Hubal and the goddesses al-Lt, Al-'Uzz, and Mant, at local shrines and temples such as the Kaaba in Mecca. Adultery, looting, abduction of women, theft, gambling, drinking, murder, etc., defile society. Looking at the modern Arabic land, it is impossible to imagine there another religion except Islam, however, before the implementation of this religion people on this land worshiped to different Gods, idols, etc. In oil Alcoholism is a common occurrence among Arabs. Because of the Mycenaean motifs on what is referred to as Midianite pottery, some scholars including George Mendenhall,[6] Peter Parr,[7] and Beno Rothenberg[8] have suggested that the Midianites were originally Sea Peoples who migrated from the Aegean region and imposed themselves on a pre-existing Semitic stratum. With the waning of Seleucid Greek power, Tylos was incorporated into Characene or Mesenian, the state founded in what today is Kuwait by Hyspaosines in 127 BCE. (History, I:1). Arabian polytheism was, according to Islamic tradition, the dominant form of religion in pre-Islamic Arabia, based on veneration of deities and spirits. These revelations were . The religion of Palmyra, which belongs to the Aramaic sphere, is excluded from this account. Introduction to Arab history (6th century) Arabia, is a peninsula between the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea. As a result of this, the Aksumite Empire was able to capture the Himyarite capital of Thifar in the first quarter of the 3rd century. Some of the settled communities developed into distinctive civilizations. Other religions were represented to varying, lesser degrees. "State and Society in Pre-Islamic Arabia." In The Early Islamic Conquests. The Arabian peninsula is the cradle of Islam. Muslims Area of expansion. [47] Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests. in a permanent break in the alliance. 12. "Singh, Nagendra", "International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties", "(India: 2005)", "75", Last edited on 11 February 2023, at 10:51, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Southern Arabian Desert Trade Routes, Frankincense, Myrrh, and the Ubar Legend", "Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilisations", "Qal'at al-Bahrain Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun", "Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia", "AUB academics awarded $850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD", "Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam", "Yemen's history and its originality:Report. A building inscriptions found in Bahrain indicate that Hyspoasines occupied the islands, (and it also mention his wife, Thalassia). Mahram, P.318, Le Muson, 3-4, 1953, P.296, Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, University Of London, Vol., Xvi, Part: 3, 1954, P.434, Ryckmans 508. Political Situation of Pre-Islamic Arabia - . Direct link to tuaakin.2421752's post is there really a order o, Posted 3 years ago. Minaean inscriptions have been found far afield of the Kingdom of Main, as far away as al-'Ula in northwestern Saudi Arabia and even on the island of Delos and Egypt. [29] The Sumerian tale of the garden paradise of Dilmun may have been an inspiration for the Garden of Eden story. The Roman Empire had collapsed just then and broken down into West Roman Empire and East Roman Byzantium. The name was derived from 'Mazun', the Persian name for Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Mahmud Ali Ghul Alfred Felix L. Beeston Pre-Islamic Arabia, to the 7th century ce But before that let me parcel an interesting side of . A time was to come in the thirteenth century when a Mongolian overlord would rule from the Danube to the Pacific, , and Turkish dynasties were destined to reign over the entire Byzantine and Persian Empires, Where our prophet would have been most likely to have erred would have been in under, -estimating the recuperative power of the Latin end of Europe and in ignoring the latent forces of the Arabian desert, . They are mentioned in sources such as the Qur'an,[84][85][86][87][88][89] old Arabian poetry, Assyrian annals (Tamudi), in a Greek temple inscription from the northwest Hejaz of 169 CE, in a 5th-century Byzantine source and in Old North Arabian graffiti within Tayma. They participated in the Second Persian invasion of Greece (479-480 BCE) while also helping the Achaemenids invade Egypt by providing water skins to the troops crossing the desert.[93]. In other places, such as the city of Mecca, and in . Women in Islam. The Sabaean kingdom was located in Yemen, and its capital, Ma'rib, is located near what is now Yemen's modern capital, Sana'a. Foreign trade was based on the export of frankincense and myrrh. During the 3rd century CE, the South Arabian kingdoms were in continuous conflict with one another. Information about these communities is limited and has been pieced together from archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions which were later recorded by Islamic historians. [46] Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek empires, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. During the following period of great prosperity, the Arab citizens of Palmyra adopted customs and modes of dress from both the Iranian Parthian world to the east and the Graeco-Roman west. The economy of Pre-Islamic Arabia, specifically Mecca's economy, had many pros and cons. In pre-Islamic Arabia, women's status varied widely according to the laws and cultural norms of the tribes in which they lived. At the time in the seventh century of Arabia, people lived in the days of ignorance, known as Jahiliyah. Archaeological researchers from France, Saudi Arabia and Italy, headed by Olivia Munoz believe that these findings illuminate a pastoralist nomadic lifestyle and a ritual used in prehistoric Arabia. 'Amr bin Luayy played a vital role in changing the religious conditions in Pre-Islamic Arabia. Scientific studies of Pre-Islamic Arabs starts with the Arabists of the early 19th century when they managed to decipher epigraphic Old South Arabian (10th century BCE), Ancient North Arabian (6th century BCE) and other writings of pre-Islamic Arabia. [29] Dilmun appears first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets dated to the end of fourth millennium BCE, found in the temple of goddess Inanna, in the city of Uruk. . [116] This disagreement proved irreconcilable and resulted[when?] The religious, social, political and economical climates of seventh century Arabia, also known as pre-Islamic Arabia, contributed immensely to the emergence of Islam. Staff Writer Wed 1 Mar 2023. Outraged, Kaleb, the Christian King of Aksum with the encouragement of the Byzantine Emperor Justin I invaded and annexed Yemen. To show that Muhammad's revelations about strict monotheism and his place in the prophetic line of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus would not have been completely foreign to the tribes of Arabia. At times of extreme peril the pre-Islamic Arabs even directly invoked Allah's mercy and succour (Q. [110], The demographic situation also favoured Arab expansion: overpopulation and lack of resources encouraged Arabs to migrate out of Arabia.[111]. Support Let's Talk Religion on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/letstalkreligionOr through a one-time donation: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/letstalkrelig. Direct link to David Alexander's post Moses and Abraham, in the, Posted 3 years ago. There were no signs of order or union in Western Europe, , and the Byzantine and Persian Empires were manifestly bent upon a mutual destruction, . Most people from Makkah earned money by trading, money lending or being . 12.5 Political Structure in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6 Social Structures in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6.1 Tribal Structure and Leadership 12.6.2 Inequality and Slavery 12.6.3 The Elite Camel Nomads 12.6.4 Intra-Tribal Warfare 12.7 Economic Conditions 12.7.1 Camel Nomadism 12.7.2 Agriculture in Arabia 12.7.3 Industry and Mining in Arabia During Sabaean rule, Yemen was called "Arabia Felix" by the Romans, who were impressed by its wealth and prosperity. [65], By the 5th century, Beth Qatraye was a major centre for Nestorian Christianity, which had come to dominate the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. Southern Arabia became a Persian dominion under a Yemenite vassal and thus came within the sphere of influence of the Sassanid Empire. No Semitic people had founded an empire now for more than a thousand years, , most of the Middle East had abandoned its local polytheistic religious systems and had taken on Judaism, , the state religion of the Persian Empire, . There was a dam in this city, however one year there was so much rain that the dam was carried away by the ensuing flood. Instead, they simply provided 1,000 talents of frankincense a year. Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabic civilization which existed in the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam in the 630s. [33], Dilmun, sometimes described as "the place where the sun rises" and "the Land of the Living", is the scene of some versions of the Sumerian creation myth, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was taken by the gods to live forever. Arabia before Islam In writing the history of Islam, it is customary to begin with a survey of the political, economic, social and religious conditions of Arabia on the eve of the Proclamation by Muhammad (may God bless him and his Ahlul-Bait) of his mission as Messenger of God. Here, according to Agatharchides, they were for a time very troublesome, as wreckers and pirates, to the reopened commerce between Egypt and the East, until they were chastised by the Ptolemaic rulers of Alexandria. In the following passage, Reuven Firestone gives the religious context of the pre-Islamic Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. Though arid desert conditions precluded most of mainland Arabia from crop cultivation, amazingly, pockets of agricultural land were present wherever water was available. For a religion-specific overview, see, Nabataean trade routes in Pre-Islamic Arabia, Kingdom of Ma'n (10th century BCE 150 BCE), Kingdom of Saba (12th century BCE 7th century CE), Kingdom of Hadhramaut (8th century BCE 3rd century CE), Kingdom of Awsn (8th century BCE 6th century BCE), Kingdom of Qataban (4th century BCE 3rd century CE), Kingdom of Himyar (late 2nd century BCE 525 CE), Aksumite occupation of Yemen (525 570 CE), Kingdom of Lihyan/Dedan (7th century BCE- 24 BC), Kenneth A.
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