Epub 2021 Feb 13. AU - Eckardt,L, Epub 2017 Apr 21. Genau wie die QT-Zeit bei normalen QRS muss auch die so modifizierte QT-Zeit frequenzkorrigiert werden, sofern die Frequenz nennenswert von 60 min-1 abweicht. Application of the Bogossian formula for evaluation of the QT interval in pacemaker patients with stimulated left bundle branch block. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Epub 2018 Sep 17. AU - Hamm,C W, This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2014 Dec;11(12):2273-7 QTc interval evaluation in patients with right bundle branch block or bifascicular blocks. Applicability of a Novel Formula (Bogossian formula) for Evaluation of the QT-Interval in Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block Due to Right Ventricular Pacing. Epub 2018 May 11. AU - Zarse,M, Yankelson L, Hochstadt A, Sadeh B, Pick B, Finkelstein A, Rosso R, Viskin S. J Electrocardiol. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. SN - 1861-0692 To view Dr. Alex Sagie's publications, visit PubMed. No part of this service may be reproduced in any way without express written consent of QxMD. All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright 1994-2023 by WebMD LLC. The most commonly used QT correction is that of Bazett which was proposed in 1920. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The Bogossian formula is a reliable tool for QTc interval evaluation in pacemaker patients with LBBB due to apical or non-apical RV pacing. 2020 Sep 19;30:100636. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100636. 2017 Jul;22(4):e12475. The JTc is a simple measurement that is a significant independent predictor of incident CHD events in men with wide QRS complex, and a more valid way to assess ventricular repolarization. 2016 Sep;27(3):307-22. doi: 10.1007/s00399-016-0439-1. Conclusion In combination with the Hodge formula, the. The novel Bogossian formula seems to be a reliable tool for QTc interval evaluation in patients with heart failure and right ventricular pacing. Int J Clin Pract. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted QT-Zeit und QRS-Breite knnen (natrlich nach visueller berprfung ) dem EKG-Auswertealgorithmus entnommen oder per EKG-Lineal gemessen werden. A comparison of commonly used QT correction formulae: the effect of heart rate on the QTc of normal ECGs. The Bogossian formula is a reliable tool for QTc interval evaluation in pacemaker patients with LBBB due to apical or non-apical RV pacing and preserved left ventricular function. DB - PRIME Zurck zum Zitat Woosley RL, Romero K (2013) Assessing cardiovascular drug safety for clinical decision-making. 2004), Deine E-Mail-Adresse wird nicht verffentlicht. In the non-apical group these values were 430 34 ms in paced and 416 32 ms in intrinsic rhythm. After LBBB correction using the reported Bogossian formula, the QTc interval was evaluated with Bazett's formula. A new experimentally validated formula to calculate the QT interval in the presence of left bundle branch block holds true in the clinical setting . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Accessibility The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Heart Rhythm 11(12):22732277 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Bogossian H, Frommeyer G, Ninios I, Hasan EP F, et al. A QTc >540 msec confers a 1.7x increased risk of cardiac event and a QTc >640 msec confers a 2.8x increased risk of cardiac event. eCollection 2020 Oct. Wang B, Zhang LI, Cong P, Chu H, Liu Y, Liu J, Surkis W, Xia Y. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016 in press, Markewitz A (2015) Annual report 2013 of the German Cardiac Pacemaker And Defibrillator RegisterPart 2: implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Mrkische Kliniken GmbH, Klinikum Ldenscheid, Ldenscheid, Germany. Dies gilt sowohl fr die Aufdeckung von QT-Syndromen als auch fr die berwachung der Therapie mit QT-verlngernden Medikamenten wie beispielsweise Amiodaron. Heart Rhythm 5(7):10151018, Nielsen JB, Graff C, Rasmussen PV, Pietersen A, Lind B et al (2014) Risk prediction of cardiovascular death based on the QTc interval: evaluating age and gender differences in a large primary care population. Am J Cardiol 55(11):13321338 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Bogossian H, Frommeyer G, Ninios I, Hasan F, Nguyen QS et al (2014) New formula for evaluation of the QT interval in patients with left bundle branch block. Epub 2017 Jun 7. Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert ganz bequem per eMail. Bogossian H, Linz D, Heijman J, Bimpong-Buta NY, Bandorski D, Frommeyer G, Erkapic D, Seyfarth M, Zarse M, Crijns HJ. This information is not intended to replace clinical judgment or guide individual patient care in any manner. AU - Weipert,K F, 2014 Dec;11(12):2273-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.08.026. PMC Eighty-three patients (789years; male. This method involves completing the square of the quadratic expression to the form (x + d)^2 = e, where d and e are constants. Results: PubMedGoogle Scholar. AU - Schmitt,J, New Formula for Defining "Normal" and "Prolonged" QT in Patients With Bundle Branch Block - A Variant of Bogossian's Formula. Application of the Bogossian formula for evaluation of the QT interval in pacemaker patients with stimulated left bundle branch block. Disclaimer. Epub 2014 Aug 19. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Epub 2018 Jan 31. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Clinic I, University Clinic of Gieen, Gieen, Germany. PY - 2018/5/13/pubmed Department of Cardiology, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany. 2014), spter wurde auch die Anwendung bei Schrittmacherpatienten (Weipert KF et al. The QTc interval was determined to be 461 34 ms (modified by Bogossian's formula) in paced and 436 34 ms in intrinsic rhythm. New formula for defining "normal" and "prolonged" QT in patients with bundle branch block. AU - Helmig,I, Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. Epub 2018 Jan 31. JF - Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society The QTmc interval was calculated with the Bazett formula, and this was compared with the QTc interval during intrinsic rhythm. The newest formula to evaluate QT interval in the presence of LBBB suggests: modified QT during LBBB = measured QT interval minus 50% of LBBB duration. A more precise formula was developed and described by Rautaharju et al. Cardiology 130(4):207210, Frommeyer G, Bogossian H, Pechlivanidou E, Conzen P, Gemein C et al (2017) Applicability of a novel formula (Bogossian formula) for evaluation of the QT-interval in heart failure and left bundle branch block due to right ventricular pacing. We thank Inga Bayh and Prof. Dr. Frank Krummenauer (Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany) for statistical advice. government site. Unfortunately the Bazett correction overcorrects with heart rates >110 bpm and undercorrects with heart rates <60 bpm. T1 - Application of the Bogossian formula for evaluation of the QT interval in pacemaker patients with stimulated left bundle branch block. Before This information is not intended to replace clinical judgment or guide individual patient care in any manner. The presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) represents a particular challenge in properly measuring the QT interval. An official website of the United States government. Applicability of a Novel Formula (Bogossian formula) for Evaluation of the QT-Interval in Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block Due to Right Ventricular Pacing. Die US-Fachgesellschaften haben 2009 empfohlen, entweder das JT-Intervall (QT-Zeit QRS-Dauer) mit dann entsprechend anderen Normwerten oder die QT-adjustment formula zu verwenden: QTm = QT 155 x (60/Herzfrequenz 1) 0.93 x (QRS 139) + k However, an overestimation of 30 ms should be included in the calculation. Der Internet Explorer wird als Browser seitens Microsoft nicht mehr untersttzt. 2018 Nov;72(11):e13250. After LBBB correction using the reported Bogossian formula, the QTc interval was evaluated with Bazett's formula. Twelve-lead ECG recordings were obtained during both intrinsic rhythm and RV pacing with induced LBBB. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. A total of 163 patients with a cardiac one- or two-chamber pacemaker were included in this prospective, multicentre observational study. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Simplified formula for determination of the. Zurck zum Zitat Bogossian H, Frommeyer G, Ninios I, Hasan EP F, et al. Seeing through the maze of complete left bundle branch block. American Journal of Cardiology 1992 September 15, 70 (7): 797-801, Journal of Electrocardiology 2004, 37 Suppl: 81-90. A new experimentally validated formula to calculate the QT interval in the presence of left bundle branch block holds true in the clinical setting - Bogossian - 2017 - Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology - Wiley Online Library ORIGINAL ARTICLE Free to Read The QTmc interval was calculated with the Bazett formula, and this was compared with the QTc interval during intrinsic rhythm. However, the investigators cautioned that a 25 ms overestimation of the QT interval should be expected with this formula [ 9 ]. Pacemaker and AQUA Institute for Applied Quality Improvement and Research in Health Care GmbH workgroup. New formula for evaluation of the QT interval in patients with left bundle branch block. Texas Heart Inst J 33(1):38, Zurck zum Zitat Inoue K, Okayama H, Nishimura K, Saito M, Yoshii T et al (2011) Right ventricular septal pacing preserves global left ventricular longitudinal function in comparison with apical pacing: analysis of speckle tracking echocardiography. Pacemaker and AQUA Institute for Applied Quality Improvement and Research in Health Care GmbH workgroup. Weipert, K.F., Bogossian, H., Conzen, P. et al. The Bogossian formula is a reliable tool for QTc interval evaluation in pacemaker patients with LBBB due to apical or non-apical RV pacing. 2018 Dec;53(3):347-355. doi: 10.1007/s10840-018-0449-5. e.g. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Deine E-Mail-Adresse wird nicht verffentlicht. Circulation 119(10):e241-e250, Postema PG, De Jong JS, Van der Bilt IA, Wilde AA (2008) Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: teach the tangent. The evaluation of the QT interval in the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) is associated with the challenge to discriminate native QT interval from the prolongation due to the increase in QRS duration. Therefore, the Bogossian formula seems to be a simple and investigator-friendly method to correct BBB and to facilitate the determination of QTc interval, not only in patients with LBBB as previously reported, but also in RBBB with or without additional block of one of the left ventricular fascicles. METHODS: A total of 163 patients with a cardiac one- or two-chamber pacemaker were included in this prospective, multicentre observational study. -. Left bundle branch potential predicts better electrical synchrony in bradycardia patients receiving left bundle branch pacing. Weipert KF, Bogossian H, Conzen P, et al. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Woosley RL, Romero K (2013) Assessing cardiovascular drug safety for clinical decision-making. Circulation 119(10):e241-e250 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Postema PG, De Jong JS, Van der Bilt IA, Wilde AA (2008) Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: teach the tangent. Epub 2017 Apr 18. (AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations 2009 und Rautaharju PM et al. QTc-40 ms verwandt. The QTc interval was overestimated by QTc of 25 21 ms (mean deviation 5.7%) when using the Bogossian formula. : A new experimentally validated formula to calculate the QT-interval in the presence of left bundle branch block holds true in the clinical setting. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. and transmitted securely. The presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) due to right ventricular pacing represents a particular challenge in properly measuring the QTc interval. : A new experimentally validated formula to calculate the QT-interval in the presence of left bundle branch block holds true in the clinical setting. Would you like email updates of new search results? and transmitted securely. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, The presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) due to right ventricular pacing represents a particular challenge in properly measuring the QTc interval. A total of 163 patients with a cardiac one- or two-chamber pacemaker were included in this prospective, multicentre observational study. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the and covers all kinds of ventricular conduction defects (LBBB, RBBB and intraventricular delay) and the complete heart-rate spectrum (Table 1 ). Abb.). Epub 2014 Aug 19. Google Scholar, Schneider JF, Thomas HE Jr, McNamara PM, Kannel WB (1985) Clinical-electrocardiographic correlates of newly acquired left bundle branch block: the Framingham Study. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. A practice formula to eliminate the effect of depolarization changes on QT interval in patients with R BBB is developed and allows a rapid and practical method for QT correction in RBBB in clinical practice. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In the non-apical group these values were 43034ms in paced and 41632ms in intrinsic rhythm. Department of Cardiology, Diakonie Jung-Stilling Hospital, Wichernstrasse 40, 57074, Siegen, Germany. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Upper limit of normal is usually defined as 440 msec. Application of the Bogossian formula for evaluation of the QT interval in pacemaker patients with stimulated left bundle branch block. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010972. KW - Pacemaker Here we demonstrate the applicability of the Bogossian formula in pacemaker patients with LBBB due to apical or nonapical right ventricular (RV) pacing and preserved left ventricular function. Circ J 75(7):16091615 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Pang BJ, Kumar S, Tacey MA, Mond HG (2014) Capturing the His-Purkinje system is not possible from conventional right ventricular apical and nonapical pacing sites. -, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. doi: 10.1111/anec.12458. The QT interval measured during LBBB was corrected using the Bogossian formula to obtain the "modified QT" (QTm). This information should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or disease. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 26(4):374398 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R et al (2009) AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. A total of 163 patients with a cardiac one- or two-chamber pacemaker were included in this prospective, multicentre observational study. damir.erkapic@diakonie-sw.de. An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham Heart Study). Die Formel hat Bogossian 2014 erstmals fr Patienten mit LSB vorgestellt (Bogossian et al. In the apical group the QTmc was determined to be 444 39 ms in paced rhythm and the QTc interval 413 36 ms in intrinsic rhythm. Unfortunately the Bazett correction overcorrects with heart rates >110 bpm and undercorrects with heart rates < 60 bpm. The site is secure. Careers. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Texas Heart Inst J 33(1):38, Inoue K, Okayama H, Nishimura K, Saito M, Yoshii T et al (2011) Right ventricular septal pacing preserves global left ventricular longitudinal function in comparison with apical pacing: analysis of speckle tracking echocardiography. The Bogossian formula showed a significant deviation from the actual QTc interval with both the Bazett and the Fridericia formulas. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Subsequently, rate-correction formula should be applied as usual. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Erkapic D, Frommeyer G, Brettner N, Szener K, Crijns HJGM, Seyfarth M, Hamm CW, Bogossian H. Clin Cardiol. 145 patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator were included in this prospective multicenter observational study. Skip to main page content National Institutes of Health . KW - Long QT View 2 excerpts, references background and methods, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Weipert, K. F., Bogossian, H., Conzen, P., Frommeyer, G., Gemein, C., Helmig, I., Chasan, R., Eckardt, L., Seyfarth, M., Lemke, B., Zarse, M., Hamm, C. W., Schmitt, J., & Erkapic, D. (2018). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 13%. An approach to the ECG in this context, and a step-by-step guide to manually measuring and correcting the QT interval, and an approach to management in common hospital-based clinical scenarios are presented. Before Epub 2014 Aug 19. 2.QT Interval? 2019 Mar 19;8(6):e010972. N Engl J Med 348(19):18661874, Rautaharju PM, Zhang ZM, Prineas R, Heiss G (2004) Assessment of prolonged QT and JT intervals in ventricular conduction defects. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Applicability of a Novel Formula (Bogossian formula) for Evaluation of the QTInterval in Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block Due to Right Ventricular Pacing GERRIT FROMMEYER Corresponding Author gerrit.frommeyer@ukmuenster.de Division of Electryophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Mnster, Mnster, Germany : A new experimentally validated formula to calculate the QT-interval in the presence of left bundle branch block holds true in the clinical setting. Epub 2017 Jun 7. Eur Heart J 35(20):13351344 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, Bloise R, Ronchetti E et al (2003) Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. -, Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2013 Jun;10(6):330-7 Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Click here for full notice and disclaimer. Heart Rhythm. K. F. Weipert and H. Bogossian contributed equally to this work. Application of the Bogossian formula for evaluation of the QT interval in pacemaker patients with stimulated left bundle branch block. An approach to the ECG in this context, and a step-by-step guide to manually measuring and correcting the QT interval, and an approach to management in common hospital-based clinical scenarios are presented. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. INTERNET EXPLORER WIRD NICHT MEHR UNTERSTZT, verfasst von: Funk MC, Cates KW, Rajagopalan A, Lane CE, Lou J. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. The presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) represents a particular challenge in properly measuring the QT interval. The purpose of this study is therefore to validate the abovementioned formula in the clinical setting. There is yet more to learn about repolarization. The issue that QT duration is not exclusively depending on the prolonged depolarization time during LBBB, but that there are many features including heart rate, electrophysiological remodeling and clinical condition of the patient that may contribute is raised, however, in some population the authors' formula works fairly well in others it tends to overestimate the QTtime. Fr Ihr optimales Nutzungserlebnis whlen Sie bitte Microsoft Edge, Safari, Chrome oder Firefox als Browser. Clinical Research in Cardiology The QT interval measured during LBBB was corrected using the Bogossian formula to obtain the "modified QT" (QTm). Introduction 2020 Sep 19;30:100636. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100636. Before The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Applicability of a Novel Formula (Bogossian formula) for Evaluation of the QT-Interval in Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block Due to Right Ventricular Pacing Applicability of a Novel Formula (Bogossian formula) for Evaluation of the QT-Interval in Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block Due to Right Ventricular Pacing The QTc interval was overestimated by QTc of 25 21 ms (mean deviation 5.7%) when using the Bogossian formula. The .gov means its official. Clinical Research in Cardiology Different electrical parameters can distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in different genetic forms of LQTS, indicating that genotype-specific risk stratification approaches based on electrical parameters could help to optimize risk assessment in LQ TS. Ausgabe 11/2018. All measurements were performed by an experienced electrophysiologist and a trainee who worked independently and in a blinded manner. The Bogossian formula is a reliable tool for QTc interval evaluation in pacemaker patients with LBBB due to apical or non-apical RV pacing and preserved left ventricular function. 2020). Bei LSB, RSB und rechtsventrikulrer Schrittmacher-Stimulation sind die sonst blichen Grenzwerte fr die QT-Zeit deshalb nicht geeignet, die Arrhythmiegefhrdung betroffener Patienten abzuschtzen. 2016 in press Bogossian H, Frommeyer G, Ninios I, Hasan EP F, et al. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2017 Apr;40(4):409-416. doi: 10.1111/pace.13027. Methods: Heart & vasculature, View 4 excerpts, cites methods and background, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology. . Keywords: Methods: Heart & Vasculature, Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. A practice formula to eliminate the effect of depolarization changes on QT interval in patients with R BBB is developed and allows a rapid and practical method for QT correction in RBBB in clinical practice. About The most commonly used QT correction is that of Bazett which was proposed in 1920. In this study we proved for the first time the validity and applicability of the experimentally acquired formula for the evaluation of the QT interval in the presence of LBBB in a clinical setting. JT interval; QT formula; QT interval; QT prolongation; left bundle brunch block; long QT. Am J Cardiol 93(8):10171021 CrossRef, Zurck zum Zitat Chakravarty S, Kluger J, Chhabra L, Ramu B, Coleman C (2015) Corrected QT in ventricular paced rhythms: what is the validation for commonly practiced assumptions? A significant relationship was observed between iCa levels and the QTc interval, which was longer in patients with hypocalcemia, but there was no significant relationship observed with TCa levels. eCollection 2020 Oct. QTc interval evaluation in patients with right bundle branch block or bifascicular blocks. 2020) beschrieben. doi: 10.1111/anec.12475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-018-1275-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-018-1275-6. 2020 Sep;43(9):957-962. doi: 10.1002/clc.23389. government site. In 2014, a new formula for the evaluation of. EP - 1039 View 3 excerpts, references methods and background. The Hodges correction and the Framingham Correction do not have these problems and are preferred in these situations. An official website of the United States government. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A New Formula for Estimating the True QT Interval in Left Bundle Branch Block. Wang B, Zhang LI, Cong P, Chu H, Liu Y, Liu J, Surkis W, Xia Y. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Mnster, Mnster, Germany. Weipert KF, Bogossian H, Conzen P, Frommeyer G, Gemein C, Helmig I, Chasan R, Eckardt L, Seyfarth M, Lemke B, Zarse M, Hamm CW, Schmitt J, Erkapic D. Clin Res Cardiol. Scholz EP, Fischer P, Lugenbiel P, Xynogalos P, Schweizer PA, Scherer D, Thomas D, Katus HA, Zitron E. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 26(4):399423, Markewitz A (2015) Annual report 2013 of the German Cardiac Pacemaker and Defibrillator Register, part 1Pacemaker. 2017 Jul;22(4):e12458. Would you like email updates of new search results? government site. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine Weipert, K F., et al. Careers. -, Nat Rev Cardiol. AU - Conzen,P, 12-lead electrocardiogram recordings during intrinsic rhythm and during right ventricular threshold testing were performed. The newest formula to evaluate QT interval in the presence of LBBB suggests: modified QT during LBBB = measured QT interval minus 50% of LBBB duration. Erkapic D, Frommeyer G, Brettner N, Szener K, Crijns HJGM, Seyfarth M, Hamm CW, Bogossian H. Clin Cardiol. 2020 Sep;43(9):957-962. doi: 10.1002/clc.23389. 2014 Dec;11(12):2273-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.08.026. Validation in two separate groups of patients: Patients who alternated between narrow QRS and intermittent LBBB and patients with narrow QRS who developed LBBB after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).
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